CHAPTER 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures BUSINESS STATISTICS firnd_Retums BUSINESS STATISTICS The Coefficient of Variation In some instances, analysis. However, we often compute the Sharpe ratio in terms of the sample mean and the sample standard deviation, where the return is usually expressed as a. ARK Invest and Coinbase explore the merit of bitcoin as the first of its kind in a new asset class—cryptocurrency—. Business School and a BS in Optical Engineering from the University of. 4 “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008, https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.

The Aztec capital The city of Mexico- was founded by the people in 1325. The old Mexica city that is now simply referred to as was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the, which it shared with a smaller city-state called.

According to legend, the Mexicas' principal god,, indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the Empire had reached much of, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Spanish conquest [ ].

And entering Mexico City (1914) The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the. The most significant episode of this period for the city was the February 1913 ('The Ten Tragic Days'), when forces counter to the elected government of staged a successful coup. The center of the city was subjected to artillery attacks from the army stronghold of the ciudadela or citadel, with significant civilian casualties and the undermining of confidence in the Madero government., chief general of the, saw a chance to take power, forcing Madero and Pino Suarez to sign resignations. The two were murdered later while on their way to.

Huerta's ouster in July 1914 saw the entry of the armies of and, but the city did not experience violence. Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in. 's faction ultimately prevailed in the revolutionary civil war and Carranza took up residence in the presidential palace. 20th century to present [ ]. Xochimilco Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes.

The built dikes to separate the used to raise crops in and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of,. Architects and along with a group of Mexican urbanists, engineers and biologists have developed the project plan for Recovering the City of Lakes.

If approved by the government the project will contribute to the supply of water from natural sources to the, the creation of new natural spaces, a great improvement in air quality, and greater population establishment planning. Pollution [ ]. Air pollution over Mexico City By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however, the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of and were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of. Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most -polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond -defined safe limits. To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and.

When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and. The introduction of and the bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation. Politics [ ]. Offices of the Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, belongs not to any particular state but to all of them. Therefore, the president, representing the federation, used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, sometimes called outside Mexico as the 'Mayor' of Mexico City. [ ] In the 1980s, the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, and dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake made residents begin to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.

[ ] Some even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation. In response to the demands, the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the 1987 elaboration the first Statute of Government ( Estatuto de Gobierno) and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives. [ ] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and since 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly, which succeeded the previous assembly, by popular vote. Download Twisted Lands Insomniac Keygen. The first elected head of government was. He resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 and designated to succeed him, who became the first woman, elected or otherwise, to govern Mexico City. In 2000, was elected, and he resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections; was designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, was elected to serve until 2012.

The Federal District does not have a constitution, unlike the states of the Union, but it has a Statute of Government. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Nonetheless, it is the that sets the ceiling to internal and external issued by the Federal District. According to the 44th article of the Mexican Constitution, if the powers of the Union move to another city, the Federal District would become a new state, the 'State of the Valley of Mexico', with the new limits set by the Congress of the Union. Mexico City's In 2012, elections were held for the post of head of government and the representatives of the Legislative Assembly.

Heads of government are elected for a six-year period without the possibility of re-election. Traditionally, the position has been considered as the second most important executive office in the country. The is formed, as it is the case for state legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by the, locally called 'uninominal deputies'. The Federal District, as a whole, is a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives, elected by, with open-party lists, locally called 'plurinominal deputies'. Even though is supposed to prevent a party from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats. No party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal.

In the 2006 elections, the PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is: Total 18 4 22 / / 14 7 21 5 5 10 / 3 6 9 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 Total 40 26 66 The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government, as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s, or by laws that were since approved by the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it at the choice of the mother before the 12th week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize. Boroughs and neighborhoods [ ]. In, Mexico City Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in.

The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's. According to a study conducted by, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world and the richest in Latin America. Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world. Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the (25.3%).

Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020. In 2002, Mexico City had a score of 0.915, identical to that of. The top twelve percent of GDP per capita holders in the city had a mean of 98,517 in 2007. The high spending power of Mexico City inhabitants makes the city attractive for companies offering prestige and.

The economic reforms of President had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the (NAFTA). This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the, or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city. Demographics [ ]. In the Historically, and since times, the has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of and were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with 'Mixed heritage' due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants. Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the and 1 in the state of.

With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the of decentralization. The of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative. Representing around 18.74% of the city's population, from different areas of Mexico have migrated to the capital in search of better economic opportunities.,,, and are the indigenous languages with the greatest number of speakers in Mexico City. Genetics [ ] According to a genetic study done in 2011, the average genetic composition of people from Mexico city is 65% Native American, 31% European, and 3% African.

Nationality [ ] On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America ( and ), from South America (mainly from and, but also from,, and ), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from,,, and ); from Europe (mainly from, and, but also from,,,,,, and ), from the Middle East (mainly from, and ); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from and ). Historically since the era of, many settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, of each of these communities are quite significant. Mexico City is home to the largest population of living outside the United States. Current estimates are as high as 700,000 U.S.

Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Religion [ ] The majority (82%) of the residents in Mexico City are Roman Catholic, higher than the national percentage, though it has been decreasing over the last decades. Many other religions and philosophies are also practiced in the city: many different types of groups, different types of,, and other and groups. There are also growing [ ] numbers of irreligious people, whether agnostic or atheist. Transportation [ ] Public transportation [ ]. Main article: Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the a.k.a.

' viene vienes' (lit. 'come on, come on'), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass.

In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods,,, and, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named 'ecoParq') is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy. Bicycles available for rental in The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a city. This includes North America's second-largest,, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the to. Within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card.

Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from to, which is located south of, near the state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as 's. Intercity buses [ ] The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections. There are some intercity buses that leave directly from the.

Airports [ ]. Mural in the Palacio de Bellas Artes by Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and ), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned and the museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the. [ ] Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history.

From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The still displays works by, and an whose authorship has been attributed to. [ ] Secular works of art of this period include the of, locally known as El Caballito ('The little horse').

This piece, in bronze, was the work of and it has been placed at the, in front of the (). Directly in front of this building is the beautiful (Munal) (the National Museum of Art). Reconstruction of the entrance to the Hochob temple in the, the noted American author, spent extended periods of time in the city, and wrote his masterpiece volume of poetry here. Another American author,, also lived in the neighborhood of the city for some time. It was here that he accidentally shot his wife.

Most of Mexico City's more than 150 museums can be visited from Tuesday to Sunday from 10 am to 5 pm, although some of them have extended schedules, such as the Museum of Anthropology and History, which is open to 7 pm. In addition to this, entrance to most museums are free on Sunday. In some cases a modest fee may be charged. Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on was inaugurated by the in September 2011.

Considered as the most important building in modern America, by American architect The is the main venue for motorsport, and hosts the Formula 1 since its return to the sport in 2015, the event being held in the past from 1962 to 1970, and again from 1986 to 1992. From 1980 to 1981 and again from 2002 to 2007, the circuit hosted the World Series. Beginning in 2005, the ran the. 2005 also marked the first running of the Mexico City 250 by the.

Both races were removed from their series' schedules for 2009. Baseball is another sport played professionally in the city. Mexico City is currently home of the of the, which is considered a Triple-A league by Major League Baseball. The Devils play their home games at the, a temporary venue until their new ballpark is completed.

Mexico City has some 10 Little Leagues for young baseball players. In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an regular season game outside of the United States, at the. The crowd of 103,467 people attending this game was the largest ever for a regular season game in NFL history until 2009.

The city has also hosted several pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's, along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games. In 2017, NBA commissioner expressed interest in placing an expansion team in Mexico City as early as 2018. Other sports facilities in Mexico City are the indoor arena,, the, the, and venues for equestrianism and horse racing, ice hockey,, American-style football, baseball, and basketball. Takes place every Sunday during bullfighting season at the 50,000-seat, the world's largest bullring.

Mexico City's have hosted Women's action, and two. Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues. Education [ ] Ciudad Universitaria. Main article: Street vendors ply their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain 'theme' (e.g. Stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk.

In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground. In the centre of the city informal street vendors are increasingly targeted by laws and prosecution. The weekly is reported to be the largest in Latin America. Downtown shopping [ ].

A reserve currency (or anchor currency) is a currency that is held in significant quantities by governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves. The reserve currency is commonly used in international transactions and often considered a hard currency or safe-haven currency. People who live in a country that issues a reserve currency can purchase imports and borrow across borders more cheaply than people in other nations because they don't need to exchange their currency to do so. By the end of the 20th century, the United States dollar was considered the world's most dominant reserve currency,[1] and the world's need for dollars has allowed the United States government as well as Americans to borrow at lower costs, granting them an advantage in excess of $100 billion per year.[2] However, the U.S. Dollar's status as a reserve currency, by increasing in value, hurts U.S.

Exporters.[3] The Dutch guilder emerged as a de facto world currency in the 18th century due to unprecedented domination of trade by the Dutch East India Company.[4] However, the development of the modern concept of a reserve currency took place in the mid nineteenth century, with the introduction of national central banks and treasuries and an increasingly integrated global economy. By the 1860s, most industrialised countries had followed the lead of the United Kingdom and put their currency on to the gold standard. At that point the UK was the primary exporter of manufactured goods and services and over 60% of world trade was invoiced in pound sterling. British banks were also expanding overseas, London was the world centre for insurance and commodity markets and British capital was the leading source of foreign investment around the world; sterling soon became the standard currency used for international commercial transactions.[5] For example, suppose an American company sells electrical equipment to a buyer in France for one million euros. The equipment is to be delivered 90 days before the payment is made. At the time the sale agreement was made the exchange rate was $1.25 euros per dollar. This meant that the company was counting on receiving something in the neighborhood of $1.25 million in the transaction.

Suppose the American company's cost for producing and delivering the equipment was $1.15 million and it was counting on making a $100,000 profit on the transaction. However if the value of the euro fell to $1.10 by the time the American company received payment then it would find that it had a $50,000 loss instead of a $100,000 profit. Suppose the American company required the French company to make the payment in dollars instead of euros. Then the French company would be bearing the risk.

If the exchange rate fell from $1.25 per euro to $1.10 then what it had been expecting to pay one million euros for would cost it about 1.136 million euros. Download Film Top Secret The Billionaire on this page. One Exchange Transaction When converting all of a USD advance into one foreign currency, there will be just one transaction to document, one exchange rate to calculate and one exchange rate to be used throughout the reconciliation. Multiple Exchange Transactions – First In First Out The Concept: First In First Out. Spend down the first block of funds that was purchased at that specific exchange rate.

Then, spend down the next block of funds that was purchased at that specific exchange rate. If it is expected that the funds will be spent at multiple exchange rates, make sure to save all of the exchange transaction receipts. There will be the same number of exchange rates to calculate as there were exchange transactions.

If money is changed five times, there will be five resulting exchange rates to be used in the advance reconciliation. The vast majority of the value of U.S. Dollar payments, or transfers, in the United States is ultimately processed through wholesale payment systems, which generally handle large-value transactions between banks. Banks conduct these transfers on their own behalf as well as for the benefit of other financial service providers and bank customers, both corporate and consumer. Related retail transfer systems facilitate transactions such as automated clearing houses (ACH); automated teller machines (ATM); point-of-sale (POS); telephone bill paying; home banking systems; and credit, debit, and prepaid cards.

Most of these retail transactions are initiated by customers rather than by banks or corporate users. These individual transactions may then be batched in order to form larger wholesale transfers, which are the focus of this section. The following are examples of potentially suspicious activities, or 'red flags' for both money laundering and terrorist financing.

Although these lists are not all-inclusive, they may help banks and examiners recognize possible money laundering and terrorist financing schemes. FinCEN issues advisories containing examples of 'red flags' to inform and assist banks in reporting instances of suspected money laundering, terrorist financing, and fraud. In order to assist law enforcement in its efforts to target these activities, FinCEN requests that banks check the appropriate box(es) in the Suspicious Activity Information section and include certain key terms in the narrative section of the SAR. The advisories and guidance can be found on FinCEN's website.302 Management’s primary focus should be on reporting suspicious activities, rather than on determining whether the transactions are in fact linked to money laundering, terrorist financing, or a particular crime. XE Currency Converter - Live Rates www.xe.com/currencyconverter Calculate live currency and foreign exchange rates with this free currency converter. You can convert currencies and precious metals with this currency calculator. Eur/Usd USD - Us Dollar GBP - British Pound Cad/Usd Currency Charts Funding Currency Definition Investopedia www.investopedia.com/terms/f/funding-currency.asp The currency being exchanged in a currency carry trade.

A funding currency typically has a low interest rate. Investors borrow the funding currency and take short.