Introduction Omoglymmius Ganglbauer, 1891 is the most speciose genus of Rhysodidae ( Coleoptera), almost cosmopolitan, but absent from Madagascar, New Zealand, and South America. Excellently revised Omoglymmius and established eleven subgenera to classify the congeneric species. The nominotypical subgenus is the largest with 97 species (,, ). However, in the fauna of East Asia, only two species in the subgenus Omoglymmius had been recorded before this study, namely O. Str.) sakuraii (Nakane, 1973) (China (Taiwan), Japan, Vietnam) and O. Str.) laticeps Bell, 1977 (Bhutan, India).

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In this paper, a new species, O. Str.) wukong sp. N., is described and illustrated from Xizang Autonomous Region, China. The new species is compared to the two related species, with some selected and important morphological characters presented in a table. Materials and methods Specimens were relaxed and softened in a hot saturated solution of potassium hydroxide for 4 minutes (for mounted dry specimens) or 8 minutes (for alcohol-preserved specimens), and then transferred to distilled water to rinse the residual potassium hydroxide off and stop any further bleaching.

The softened specimens were placed in glycerine and dissected to observe morphological details. After examination, the body parts were mounted on a glass slide with Euparal Mounting Medium for future studies.

Habitus photographs were taken using a Canon macro photo lens MP-E 65mm on a Canon 550D. Observations, photographs, and measurements of morphological details were performed using a Zeiss Axio Zoom.V16 motorized stereo zoom microscope with a Zeiss AxioCam MRc 5. Photographs in Figure were taken with an Olympus BX53 microscope with an Olympus DP73 camera. The final deep focus images were created with Zerene Stacker 1.04 stacking software. Adobe Photoshop CS6 was used for final processing.

Precise label data are cited, while authors’ remarks and addenda are placed in square brackets; separate label lines are indicated by a slash (/), and separate labels are indicated by a double slash (//). Measurements are averages taken from five specimens. The morphological terminology follows, ). Rhysodid beetles are treated as an independent family, following the publications of,, and. Head with orbital groove extended before or near the middle of eye, following 1–2 separate coarse dorsal punctures far away from posterior margin of temporal lobe (Figs; red arrow in 3A). Pronotal sides gently curved (Figs; ); (pronotal length)/(pronotal width) = 1.1–1.2 (Figs; ); outer carina with a distinct oblique microgroove at about basal 1/4 of medial margin (Figs; ); inner carina impunctate, gradually narrowed in apical part, and weakly undulated at medial margin (Figs; ); median groove much narrowed in middle part (Figs; ); marginal groove narrower (Figs; ); propleuron smooth, almost impunctate except sporadic coarse punctures near margins (Fig. ); prosternum with sparse coarse punctures and distinct precoxal carinae (Fig.

Elytra with stria punctures relatively small (Figs; ); stria IV with one seta at about basal 2/9, one seta at about apical 2/7 of its length and one seta subapically (Fig. Metasternum with only a few coarse punctures sparsely located along the midline; more coarse punctures closely arranged almost into a row near lateral margins; remainder of disc smooth; a shallow median pit present posteriorly (Figs; ). Aedeagus with right paramere simply curved at outer margin and expanded in apical part (Fig.

Female profemur without tooth on ventral side (Fig. Medium size, body 6.5–7.0 mm long (6.7 mm in holotype). Length (mm) of different body parts: head (1.0–1.1), pronotum (1.5–1.7), antenna (1.7–1.8), elytra (3.8–4.1); width (mm): head (0.9–1.0), pronotum (1.2–1.3), elytra (1.5–1.6). Habitus (Fig.

) elongate, rather narrow, lustrous. Body colour mostly blackish brown to black; antennae and legs somewhat reddish brown; mouthparts reddish brown to yellowish brown. ) broad, as wide as long.

Median lobe short, broad, subtruncate at tip. Frontal space short, nearly V-shaped, margins only shallowly sinuate.

Temporal lobes longer than wide; medial angles rounded, contiguous; posteriomedial margin evenly rounded into posteriolateral margin; occipital angle scarcely evident; orbital groove impressed, extended before or near the middle of eye, following one or two separate coarse dorsal punctures far away from posterior margin of temporal lobe (red arrow in Fig. ); remainder of temporal lobe smooth except micropunctures; temporal setae absent; postorbital tubercle minute, not pilose, appearing as a slight convexity in lateral view. Eye entire, curvilinearly triangular, length/width = 1.1. Mentum surface coarsely and continuously punctate, with many setae. Antenna (Fig.

) without stylet; antennomeres V–X with minor setae in form of subapical rings; basal setae absent; all antennomeres impunctate. Pronotum (Fig. ) subelliptical, distinctly narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly, widest at about basal 4/9, length/width = 1.1–1.2. Sides gently curved, hardly sinuate before hind angle; hind angles broadly rounded. Carinae subequal at middle; outer carina with base distinctly narrowed, with medial margin sinuate before base and with a distinct oblique microgroove at about basal 1/4 of its length; inner carina distinctly narrowed in basal part, gradually narrowed in apical part, and weakly undulated at medial margin; both pairs of carinae impunctate except micropunctures. Median and paramedian grooves narrow; median groove much narrower in middle part, opening both anteriorly and posteriorly.

Pronotal setae absent. Pronotal hypomeron with many small punctures. Propleuron smooth, almost impunctate except sporadic coarse punctures near margins. Prosternum with sparse coarse punctures; precoxal carinae distinct, sinuate. Elytra (Figs; ) elongate, narrow, length/width = 2.2–2.3.

Striae impressed, coarsely punctate, punctures relatively small and deep; intervals only slightly convex; stria IV with one seta at about basal 2/9, one seta at about apical 2/7 of its length and one seta subapically; subapical striole with one seta; stria VII with four setae near apex (some specimens with one seta behind the insertion level of hind leg). Metathoracic wings fully developed.

Protibia (Fig. ) nearly cylindrical, not swollen at middle; profemur with a large and somewhat rounded tooth at medial position of ventral side. Mesotibia (Fig. ) with one curved spur and one minute calcar. Metatibia (Fig. ) with one straight spur and one calcar small, subtriangular, obtusely rounded at apex. Ventral surfaces of pterothorax and abdomen (Figs; ) obviously much smoother than in the related Omoglymmius ( s.

Str.) sakuraii and O. Str.) laticeps. Metasternum with only a few coarse punctures sparsely located along the midline; more coarse punctures closely arranged almost into a row near lateral margins; remainder of disc smooth; a shallow median pit present posteriorly. Each abdominal sternum with coarse punctures arranged into two or three irregular transverse rows; sternum IV with deep, round lateral pits; sternum V without visible pits; sternum VI with two setae near apical margin. Genital ring (Fig. ) subquadrate, with long handle, nearly parallel-sided, and rounded at tip.

Aedeagus (Fig. ) with median lobe thick, tubular; opening of apical orifice (Fig. ) large, subelliptical; left paramere (Fig.

) broad, subelliptical; right paramere (Fig. ) small, simply curved at outer margin, expanded in apical part. Endophallus as shown in Fig..

Similar to male in general appearance, but distinguished by the following characteristics (Fig. Grmcprfrer Fr Dvd Iso Maker there. ): mentum surface with fewer setae, less coarsely punctate; profemur without tooth on ventral side; meso- and metatibiae without calcars; abdominal sternum IV with lateral pits distinctly larger. The specific epithet is from the name of “Sun Wukong”, also known as the Monkey King, a mythological figure who features in a body of legends, which can be traced back to the period of the Song dynasty. China (Xizang) (Fig.

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Normal epithelium, with its highly evolved tight junctions and products of goblet-cell populations, most notably trefoil peptides and mucin glycoproteins, provides an effective barrier against luminal agents. The integrity of the barrier may be compromised by genetic variations in key molecular determinants, a diminished reparative response to injury, or exogenous agents, such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Chronic, recurrent intestinal inflammation appears to result from stimulation of the mucosal immune system by products of commensal bacteria in the lumen. Antigens from dietary sources may also contribute.

Stimulation may occur as a result of the penetration of bacterial products through the mucosal barrier, leading to their direct interaction with immune cells, especially dendritic cells and lymphocyte populations, to promote a classic adaptive immune response. Alternatively, bacterial products may stimulate the surface epithelium, possibly through receptors that are components of the innate immune-response system; the epithelium can, in turn, produce cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate mucosal immune cells. Activation of classic antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, or direct stimulation through pattern-recognition receptors promotes the differentiation of type 1 helper T cells (Th1) in patients with Crohn's disease (shown here) or, possibly, atypical type 2 helper T cells in patients with ulcerative colitis. The stereotypical products of Th1 promote a self-sustaining cycle of activation with macrophages.

In addition to producing the key cytokines that stimulate Th1 (interleukin-12, interleukin-18, and macrophage migration inhibitor factor), macrophages produce a mix of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and most notably tumor necrosis factor, which target a broad variety of other types of cells. The latter include endothelial cells, which then facilitate the recruitment of leukocytes to the mucosa from the vascular space, as well as fibroblasts and epithelium, modulating their functional properties. Most important, these functions may be altered either by genetically determined variants, as exemplified by germ-line mutations in the gene encoding NOD2, the product of the IBD1 locus, in some patients with Crohn's disease, or by environmental factors. Figure 2 Common Cellular Pathways of Activation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Activation of the protean transcriptional regulatory factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a common pathway central to cell activation and the production of diverse inflammatory mediators, including a variety of cytokines and chemokines. It also modulates resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis). Several inflammatory factors implicated in inflammatory bowel disease activate NF-κB by eventually stimulating an intermediate kinase such as NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 or 3 (MEKK1 or MEKK3) or by binding to receptor-interacting protein 2. These lead to phosphorylation of the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) and subsequent dissociation of NF-κB (itself a dimer). Download Vray Sketchup Pro 2014 Free on this page. NF-κB then travels to the nucleus, where it can effect gene transcription.

The phosphorylated constituents are subject to degradation by proteosomes after ubiquitination. The spectrum of mediators that activate this pathway includes inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which bind to their respective cell-surface receptors, as well as microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide, which bind to cell-surface receptors that are members of the toll-like receptor family of pattern-recognition receptors. The pathway is also activated by NOD2 (also referred to as CARD 15), an intracytoplasmic receptor that is activated by the entry, through mechanisms yet to be defined, of bacterial lipopolysaccharide into the cytoplasm. NOD2 is the product of the IBD1 gene; germ-line mutations, which are present in many patients with Crohn's disease, appear to alter the activation of the NF-κB pathway. MyD88 denotes myeloid differentiation factor 88.