The eighteenth century after the death of Aurangzeb until the 1857 war is an era that is scarcely written about in English. The book corrects this deficit in Indian historiography.

The Third battle of Panipat of 1761 occupies a pivotal place in this period as it was the largest and bloodiest clash of the eighteenth century. The loss of over a hundred thousand lives in a twelve hour period is a toll that will perhaps beat any of the wars fought in the world at any time up to the present. The battle is extremely relevant when one considers that it marked the first time a concept of 'India for Indians' and 'fighting for the nation state India' was enunciated and a foreign invader sought to be ousted. The nation state of India was recognised by one of the principal protagonists - Sadashiv rao Bhau. This; barely a hundred years after the Treaty of Westphalia. The clash was at the end of a campaign of nearly ten months and was fiercely fought with no quarter given. The story of this battle of valour, strategy and endurance is more than any work of fiction can ever be.

For an aficionado of Indian as well as world history, this is a battle that cannot be ignored in understanding the history of the next fifty years. The advent of the English power in India, the French revolution shortly after and the war of American independence - all had a bearing on the future of India itself. The last fifty years of the eighteenth century were extremely eventful and helped shape the world as we know it today. The campaign of Panipat, the emergence of the English in India in its aftermath and the later British raj that transformed the nature of the Indian state would perhaps owe their origin to the battle of Panipat, fought on the cold winter day of 14 January 1761 just after the 'Makar sankrant', or Winter Solstice according to the Hindus. The book tells this story with the help of maps, photographs dating back to the 18th century, exhaustive references and bibliographic pages, timeline, genealogies, introduction to principal characters, appendices, glossary and an index. With 34 preliminary and 313 pages of the main book plus TWELVE art pages with 32 colour photographs; this is the complete and definitive book on this momentous event that shook the Indian sub-continent. AVAILABILITY - The book is available in book-stores in Pune and Mumbai and will be available elsewhere in the days to come.

You may also like to read Mula Mutha Publishers' book on philosophical and spiritual issues named ' अनंता कडून अनंता कडे' by Dr Smt. Snehalata Kulkarni - 23 essays which are an enquiry on various questions that confront the thinking man. It is priced at Rs 200/- and in its second edition. The book is available at Appa Balwant Chowk at Rasik Sahitya and Nerlekar Book Sellers, at Popular Book Depot, Dn Gymkhana in Pune, Majestic Book at Dombivli, Majestic Book at Thane, Balwant Book at Girgaum and Ideal Book company in Dadar, Mumbai.

Jul 30, 2015. Of LPG customers who became cash-transfer compliant stands at 87.5 per cent now. Your Company has inherent strengths in bulk consumer business and is seen as an ethical and reliable partner, besides being the least-cost. A view of IndianOil's Panipat Refinery and Petrochemicals Complex at night. Jan 14, 2011. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761, at Panipat (Haryana State, India), about 60 miles (95.5 km) north of Delhi. The battle pitted the. The Marathi term 'Sankrant Kosalali', meaning 'Sankranti has befallen us', is said to have originated from the events of the battle.There are some.

It is also available at Akshardhaara, Bajirao Road, Pune and in their exhibitions around Maharashtra.

Show map of India Location in Haryana, India Coordinates:: Country Area • Total 64 km 2 (25 sq mi) Elevation 219 m (719 ft) Population (2011) • Total 1,205,437 • Density 19,000/km 2 (49,000/sq mi) Languages • Official () 132103 Telephone code 0180 HR 06 Website Panipat () is an ancient and historic city in, India. It is 90 km north of and 169 km south of on -1. The three battles fought near the city in, and were all turning points in Indian history. The city is famous in India by the name of 'City of Weavers' and 'Textile City'. It is also known as the 'cast-off capital' due to being 'the global centre for recycling textiles'. Main articles:,, and Panipat district was carved out from the erstwhile Karnal district on 1 November 1989. On 24 July 1991 it was again merged with Karnal district.

On 1 January 1992, it again became a separate district. According to the legend, Panipat was one of the five cities (prasthas) founded by the brothers during the times of the; its historic name was Pandavaprastha (: पाण्डवप्रस्थ, lit. City of Pandavas) Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles in Indian history. Panipat is first recorded in the Mahabharata as one of the five villages that the Pandavas demanded from Duryodhana. The five villages are the 'panch pat': • Panprastha (now known as Panipat) • Sonaprastha (now known as ) • Indraprastha (now known as ) • Vyaghraprastha became Baghpath (now known as ) • Tilprastha (now known as ) The was fought on 21 April 1526 between, the Afghan, and the warlord, who later established in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers. This first battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in Delhi.

The was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of and, a Hindu King of Delhi. Hemu had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly he was struck by an arrow in the eye and fell unconscious. On not seeing him in his howdah on the back of an elephant, his army fled. He was executed shortly thereafter. His head was sent to to be hanged outside Delhi Darwaza, and his torso was hanged outside Purana Quila in Delhi. The was fought on 14 January 1761 between the and the and invaders.

The Maratha Empire was led by Sadashivrao Bhau Peshwa and the Afghans were led by Ahmadshah Abdali. The Afghans had a total strength of 125,000 soldiers, and the Marathas had 100,000 soldiers and 25,000 pilgrims. The Maratha soldiers were unable to get food because of non-cooperation of other empires of Hindustan (India and Pakistan were not separated) and this resulted in having to eat the leaves off trees to survive. Both the sides fought their heart out. The Afghans were supported by Najib and Sujaudolla for the supply of food, and the Maratha had pilgrims along with them, who were unable to fight, including female pilgrims also. On the single day of 14 January, more than one lakh (100,000) of soldiers died resulting in the victory for the Afghans. Marathi verbs [ ] There are some verbs in the originated from the related to loss as 'Panipat zale' (पानिपत झाले) (Panipat is finished).

This verb is even today used in the Marathi language. A common pun is 'Aamchaa Vishwaas Panipataat gela' (आमचा विश्वास पानीपतात गेला) [we lost our (Vishwas) Trust since Panipat]. Geography [ ] Panipat is located.

It has an average elevation of 219 metres (718 ). Utawarerumono Kimi Ga Tame Download. Demographics [ ] As per provisional data of the 2011 census, Panipat urban agglomeration had a population of 1,205,437, out of which males were 646,857 and females were 558,580. The literacy rate was 75.94 per cent.

Industries [ ] Panipat is called the city of weavers, as it produces and. It is the biggest center for quality blankets and carpets in India and has a hand loom industry. Panipat city is the biggest centre of 'shoddy yarn' in the World.

Blankets prepared through hand looms and power looms are sent to soldiers. In Panipat 30,000 industries provided 5 lakh people work. The Samalkha subdivision of this district is famous for foundry of agriculture instruments. In this way, this district, which is continuously developing on the industrial base, has an unlimited employment capacity. Businessmen and engineers and unemployed worker artist weavers and labour from other states of India visit here in search of employment and settle here permanently. Transport [ ] is on Delhi-Kalka line, Delhi-Atari line, Delhi-Jammu line, Panipat-Jind line, Panipat-Rohtak line and upcoming purposed Panipat-Meerut line & Panipat-Haridwar line. It is also well connected by Haryana State Road Transport Corporation and Punjab Roadways buses, especially because it falls on the Delhi-Chandigarh route.

Delhi-Amritsar National Highway 1 (known as GT road locally) passes through Panipat, and a substantial amount of trade and commercial activities are carried in and around the settlements. Places of interest [ ] Panipat Museum [ ] The Battle of Panipat Memorial society, set up by the Government of, highlights the major events that took place for over two hundred years which made Panipat a place of great historical importance.

A painting from Akbar's collection in the museum shows how 's community and his supporters were beheaded and minarets were built of their heads to terrorise Hindus of that period. Panipat Museum has been especially established for disseminating information about the archaeology, history, art and crafts of Haryana with special emphasis on the battles of Panipat which marked the turning point in Indian history, The display of antiquities, inscription, sculptures, arms and armors, pottery, old and valuable documents, jewellery and art and craft objects, have been augmented by maps, writeups, and photographs. Through display an attempt has been made to provide an insight into the acts of bravery of some valiant and patriotic warriors who sacrificed their lives at Panipat. These include, Peshwa,, - son of and,,,, Vyankatrao Wable - a local hero also known as called so after winning 22 continuous battles and who belonged to Haryana, Raja SurjaMal of Bharatpur, Vikramaditya (Vikramajit) of Gwalior, Maharaja of Patiala, Sher Shah SURI. Pathologies Of Rational Choice Theory Pdf. Enlarged photographs of a large number of important miniatures, mostly from Babur-Nama and Akbar-Nama, relating to these battles and personalities connected therewith, have been obtained from the National Museum of New Delhi, The British Library, Victoria and Albert Museum of London. A large number of contemporary weapons, armory, guns, etc. Have been acquired through loan from the Archaeological Survey of India, The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Haryana is also associated with this project, has donated a large number of items for display in this Museum.

These include replicas of a large number of artifacts in the form of status, pottery, coins, etc. Which were collected from the excavated sites in Haryana besides a number of blow-ups of building and sites of historical and archaeological importance. In addition, a large number of items of traditional art have been procured from various districts of haryana with the help of District Administration which exhibit a glimpse of haryana’s traditional art. Hemu's Samadhi Sthal [ ]. Main article: The wounded (a hero also known as ) was captured by st the and carried to the Mughal camp at on Jind Road at Panipat. According to, Bairam Khan asked Akbar to behead Hemu so that he could earn the title of. Akbar replied, 'He is already dead, if he had any strength for a duel, I would have killed him.'

After Akbar's refusal Hemu's body was denied honour by the Mughal battle tradition and was unceremoniously beheaded. Hemu's head was sent to where it was hung outside the Delhi Darwaza while his body was placed in a outside in Delhi to terrorise Indians. After Hemu's death, a massacre of Hemu's Hindu community and followers was ordered by Bairam Khan. Thousands were beheaded and towers of skulls were built with their heads, to instil terror among the Hindus and Afghans. After few years Hemu's supporters, constructed a (Hindu shrine) over the place where he was beheaded. The place and its surroundings have been slowly encroached upon by local people. This is the only memorial of Hemu in Panipat but it is in a bad condition.

Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb [ ]. Main article: It was one of ’s dying regrets that he could never fulfill his intention of erecting a tomb to the fallen monarch Ibrahim Lodhi. Much later, in 1866, the British relocated the tomb which was just a simple grave during construction of the and added a platform to it with an inscription highlighting Ibrahim Lodhi’s death in the Battle of Panipat. Another memorial, however, is said to have existed which used to be a place of pilgrimage for the people of Gwalior since Vikramaditya, the last Raja ( of the old dynasty of ), fell in the same battle. This memorial, according to, was destroyed when the was made. Babur's Kabuli Bagh Mosque [ ].

Main article: The garden of Kabuli Bagh along with the and a tank were built by after the to commemorate his victory over. Some years later when Humayun defeated near Panipat, he added a masonry Platform to it and called it ‘Chabutra' Fateh Mubarak, bearing the inscription 934 Hijri (1557 CE). These buildings and the garden still exist under the name of Kabuli Bagh called so after Babur’s wife – Mussammat Kabuli begum.

Shri Devi temple [ ] A temple dedicated to a local deity exists on the bank of a large tank. A Shiva temple believed to have been built by a warrior named Mangal Raghunath who had remained in Panipat after the battle, also exists besides it. Kala Amb [ ]. Main article: According to the tradition, the site 8 km from Panipat and 42 km from Karnal, where commanded his forces during the third battle of Panipat was marked by a black Mango Tree (Kala Amb) which has since disappeared. The dark colour of its foliage was probably the origin of the name. The site has a brick Pillar with an iron rod and the structure is surrounded by an iron fence. The site is being developed and beautified by a society with the Governor of Haryana as its President.

Community of Haryana organises a programme every year in memory of warriors on the day of 14 January at in which many people from and participate. SalarGanj Gate [ ] This gate is situated in the middle of Panipat city. The gate still denotes its archaeological interest. A local market has developed around this gate.

Gurudwara Dera Baba Jodh Sachiyar Ji [ ] Gurudwara Dera Baba Jodh Sachiyar Ji is one of the popular Sikh shrines of Panipat. People of Panipat visit this place regularly in huge numbers. There are many events and programs arranged by the followers in the premises of this Gurudwara to pay their devotion to god. This Gurudwara is a beautifully sculpted and artistically designed along with splendid interiors to mesmerize the onlookers. Devotees coming to this place get complete peace of mind in the house of Guru.

People can attend regular bhajan and kirtan organized by saints at this Gurudwara. Address: Gurudwara Dera Baba Jodh Sachiyar Ji, G.T. Road, Panipat, Haryana, India.

Panipat Elevated Expressway [ ]. 7 September 2017. • Richards, John F., ed. (1995) [1993]..

The New Cambridge History of India (7th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Retrieved 2013-05-29. • Kolff, Dirk H. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2013-05-29. Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-26. Har-Anand Publications.

Retrieved 17 November 2014. • Abdul Quadir Badayuni, Muntkhib-ul-Tawarikh, Volume 1, page 6 • (2001).. Genesis Publishing Pvt. • • •, Jul 04, 2005. Retrieved 2016-03-27. • • • • External links [ ] • travel guide from Wikivoyage • '.