Although studying is considered a legitimate scientific nowadays, it is still a very young one. In the early 1970s, a psychologist named J. Guilford was one of the first academic researchers who dared to conduct a study of creativity. One of Guilford’s most famous studies was the nine-dot puzzle.

He challenged research subjects to connect all nine dots using just four straight lines without lifting their pencils from the page. Today many people are familiar with this puzzle and its solution.

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In the 1970s, however, very few were even aware of its existence, even though it had been around for almost a century. If you have tried solving this puzzle, you can confirm that your first attempts usually involve sketching lines inside the imaginary square. The correct solution, however, requires you to draw lines that extend beyond the area defined by the dots. At the first stages, all the participants in Guilford’s original study censored their own thinking by limiting the possible solutions to those within the imaginary square (even those who eventually solved the puzzle). Even though they weren’t instructed to restrain themselves from considering such a solution, they were unable to “see” the white space beyond the square’s boundaries. Only 20 percent managed to break out of the illusory confinement and continue their lines in the white space surrounding the dots. The symmetry, the beautiful simplicity of the solution, and the fact that 80 percent of the participants were effectively blinded by the boundaries of the square led Guilford and the readers of his books to leap to the sweeping conclusion that creativity requires you to go outside the box.

The idea went viral (via 1970s-era media and word of mouth, of course). Overnight, it seemed that creativity gurus everywhere were teaching managers how to think outside the box. Consultants in the 1970s and 1980s even used this puzzle when making sales pitches to prospective clients.

Because the solution is, in hindsight, deceptively simple, clients tended to admit they should have thought of it themselves. Because they hadn’t, they were obviously not as creative or smart as they had previously thought, and needed to call in creative experts. Or so their consultants would have them believe. The nine-dot puzzle and the phrase “thinking outside the box” became metaphors for creativity and spread like wildfire in, management, psychology, the creative arts, engineering, and personal improvement circles. There seemed to be no end to the insights that could be offered under the banner of thinking outside the box. Speakers, trainers, training program developers, organizational consultants, and university professors all had much to say about the vast benefits of outside-the-box thinking. It was an appealing and apparently convincing message.

Indeed, the concept enjoyed such strong popularity and intuitive appeal that no one bothered to check the facts. No one, that is, before two different research —Clarke Burnham with Kenneth Davis, and Joseph Alba with Robert Weisberg—ran another experiment using the same puzzle but a different research procedure. Both teams followed the same protocol of dividing participants into two groups. The first group was given the same instructions as the participants in Guilford’s experiment.

The second group was told that the solution required the lines to be drawn outside the imaginary box bordering the dot array. In other words, the “trick” was revealed in advance. Would you like to guess the percentage of the participants in the second group who solved the puzzle correctly? Most people assume that 60 percent to 90 percent of the group given the clue would solve the puzzle easily. In fact, only a meager 25 percent did. What’s more, in statistical terms, this 5 percent improvement over the subjects of Guilford’s original study is insignificant. In other words, the difference could easily be due to what statisticians call sampling error.

Let’s look a little more closely at these surprising results. Solving this problem requires people to literally think outside the box. Yet participants’ performance was not improved even when they were given specific instructions to do so. That is, direct and explicit instructions to think outside the box did not help. That this advice is useless when actually trying to solve a problem involving a real box should effectively have killed off the much widely disseminated—and therefore, much more dangerous—metaphor that out-of-the-box thinking spurs creativity. After all, with one simple yet brilliant experiment, researchers had proven that the conceptual link between thinking outside the box and creativity was a myth. Of course, in real life you won’t find boxes.

But you will find numerous situations where a creative breakthrough is staring you in the face. They are much more common than you probably think. *From Copyright 2014 Drew Boyd. There are many theories of creativity.

What the latest experiment proves is not that creativity lacks any association to thinking outside-the-box, but that such is not conditioned by acquired knowledge, i.e., environmental concerns. For example, there have been some theories such as those of Schopenhauer (see his remarks about Genius) and Freud (see his remarks about Sublimation) that propose creativity is something more like a capacity provided by nature rather than one acquired or learned from the environment. Rather than disproving the myth, in other words, the experiment might instead offer evidence that creativity is an ability that one is born with, or born lacking, hence why information from the environment didn't impact the results at all. It's an interesting experiment, but the author's conclusion cannot possibly follow from the results of it. I conduct soft skills training and outbound training for Corporates and individuals. To enhance creativity we motivate the participants to approach the problems from variety of vantage points.

Even repeatedly checking the boundary conditions we are able to come up with variety of ways of solving the problem. This is akin to checking the walls of the box. Looking inside the box for additional information, additional resources also helps. Looking at the box from bird's eye view triggers some different creative solutions. Let us not get tied down to the mechanics but free ourselves to find the solution. I will give an example.

You are playing football with family and friends at a distant ground and someone gets bruised badly. No first aid kit is available.

Your priority is to get the person to a hospital ( at a distance of 2 hours ). The wound is bleeding and needs to be kept clean and bacteria free till the person reaches the hospital. What will you do? Think of a solution. It is quite close to you. With all due respect, Professor Boyd, your argument is not at all compelling. It seems that you are taking the 'thinking outside the box' (TOTB) metaphor much more literally than it is intended (or, at least, as I and may others infer).

Let me point out a few false and/or negligent statements that you make: 1. To refer to TOTB as 'dangerous' is naive, at best. I, personally, have seen the positive, tranformative effects of not only the 9-dots exercise, but also the occasional use of the term to remind individuals after-the-fact about the value of thinking differently. The experiment you refer to doesn't even come close to proving what you suggest that it does. To use the term 'proving' in an argument like this is laughable.

In real life, you absolutely WILL find boxes.that is, if you understand what the term 'box' refers to. Here, the term is not literal; rather, it refers to a mindset, a perspective, a belief, or an assumption. It is precisely how the human mind works. We all think in boxes all the time.

The 'sin,' if you will, is not in thinking inside of a box.but the neglect to readily switch from one box to another, nimbly (see Alan Iny's new book, 'Thinking in New Boxes'). A different -- and very healthy, positive, and productive -- way to think about TOTB is to understand that it merely represents an insight that can remind an individual to consciously become aware of limiting assumptions. And, upon such awareness, to open ones mind and imagination to actively explore new possibilities beyond the obvious or initial answer.

If you don't regard this as valid contribution to creativity, then I suggest you consider spending a bit more time outside of that 'box' that you've presented here. I couldn't have said it any better. TOTB is a beautiful skill to have.

We are born into multiple boxes that are created upon social agreements (e.g. Illustrated by the hermeneutic circle) but the ones who dare to think outside of what is considered as social or scientific correct (all the boxes together) are the minds whom are absolute free and open towards new moralities, paradigms, innovations and creativity in general. Saying that TOTB is a negative thing is a very conservative statement and someone who has such a belief is scared of change, scared of diversity and scared of anything that is abstract and out of order. I'm all about TOTB and the best way to TOTB is to fully understand the box in the first place and why some people are scared of TOTB hence also lacking the ability to do so. Fold the paper so all the dots ovelap.

Use four lines to connect four dots. Hold the folded paper up to the light.all dots connected; Thinking outside The Box. For that matter, you could fold the paper until all the dots overlapped and you would not need to waste any pencil lead; Thinking outside The Box. Use a very wide pencil lead or charcoal block for that matter, connect all the dots in one fell swoop; Thinking outside The Box. Forego a pencil altogether and use a bucket of paint to create a huge blot over all the dots; Thinking outside The Box. Question the dots and why they need to be connected in the first place; Thinking outside The Box. Erase the dots; they are a distraction to Thinking outside The Box.

Create your own dots and lines in any fashion you desire; Thinking outside The Box. People that say, it's a misguided idea,, do not know how to think outside the box, I can look /listen/ at anything an tell you how to fix it. I play chess with my pc, an beat it all the time, and the reasoning is I do not think logically, like the pc does. It has a set of rules that it was programed with an you were in college, I do not play by the rules, I can play without the queen.Also when you go the a school that teaches how to think about something, that is all you know how to do.I have had engineers come to my deck, hand me a set of blueprints, because that was the way they were taught. They are never taught to look at it, in there mind to see it working. What I do is show them how wrong they are, an ask them what tool in the world can cut a square hole inside the middle of two long tubes. They can not think outside the box, that they were taught to do.

If was going to tell you about an airplane the TR-3B, it travels a little bit under light speed, an it uses nuclear fusion, which turns into plasma an powers the craft, that was built outside the box. An if you do not believe me type it into your search engine, you can also look it up at the library of congress under new patients. You my brother, do not have the inkling of understanding to think outside the box. That's why you are a psychologist an nothing more.

If you would like to download my Club and Trance mixes for FREE then visit this site. If you would like to connect to my FTP server, click the following link. If you would like to upload your own mixes to my FTP server click this link. Here are my mixes which you can listen to through RealPlayer.

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- Very 1st LIVE Mix Half Hour! - CLUBHOUSE MIX for 2002!

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- TRANCE MIX 2002! 2 - ENJOY!!!:¬D. My FTP address has changed. Here are the new FTP addresses. If you would like to download my mixes at 128kbps, click on the following link to connect to my FTP server. My Download FTP Server - Note:- I'm hosting this FTP server on a cable modem. Don't expect to receive any higher than 10kbytes/s.

If the FTP server doesn't work, please try again later. If you would like to upload your own mixes or mp3's, click on the following link to connect to my FTP server.

My Upload FTP Server - If the FTP server doesn't work, please try again later. DJ Chewmacca! - mix45 - Live Set September 2004 1. Climax 69 - Ambience (Original NYC Mix) 2. Memento - New Life (Peter Luts Remix) 3. Serge & Greg Brookman - Frozen 4. Cappella - U Got 2 Let The Music (DJ Shog Remix) 5.

Aurora - Ordinary World 2004 (A1 Mix) 6. DJ Tante - All I Need (Extended Mix) 7. Mike Nero vs Benchmark Noyz - DJs Take Control (Mike Nero Mix) 8. Martin Chaste - Yepa (DJ Tante Remix) ----------------------------------------- DJ Chewmacca!

- mix46 - Trance Traxx 2004 1. Delerium - Silence (Above and Beyond Radio Edit) 2. Dave Lochrie - Escalation (FireRaven Remix) 3. Memento - New Life (Peter Luts Remix) 4.

DJ Marck - Love Road 5. Tory Kay vs Alex Megane - The Rising Sun (Alex Megane Extended Remix) 6.

DreamWave - Our Ability (Greece 2000 Remix) 7. Aurora - Ordinary World 2004 (A1 Mix) 8. Scooter - Shake That (CJ Stone Mix) 9. Mind One - Only Memories (Vocal Club Mix) 10. Genix - Reconnected (Factoria Remix) 11. - Realize (Original Vocal Mix) 12. E Sound And PM - Cold Fusion (Immoral Monkeys Remix) 13.

Climax 69 - Ambience (Original NYC Mix) 14. Cappella - U Got 2 Let The Music (DJ Shog Remix) ---------------------------------------------- DJ Chewmacca!

- mix47 - Live Set November 2004 1. Deurium - Silence (Unreleased Mix) 2. Cooper - I Want You Back (Extended Club Mix) 3. Angel Of Love - Emotions (Non Vocal Club Mix) 4. Bobina - Lazy World (4 Lazy DJ's Remix) 5.

Eamon - **** It (Angels Project Club Remix) 6. Audio Sweet - Sunshine After The Rain (Club Mix) 7. Lovestern Galaktika - Are U Ready (L Project Instrumental Remix) 8. Descargar Juegos Para Pc 1 Link Full En Espanol Comprimidos. Rollercoaster - Damn! (Remix Version) 9. Nigh****chers - Visions (Extended Version) 10. Sylver - Love Is An Angel (Groove Coverage Remix) 11.

Slate Digital Trigger Drum Replacer Download Itunes. DJ Indygo Feat. Eve - Eternal Flame (DJ Goldfinger Meetz Mike Burbek Mix) 12. 4 Clubbers - Sonar (Club Mix) 13. Bit-R-Sweet - All I Want Is This (Klubjumpers Remix) -------------------------------------------- DJ Chewmacca! - mix48 - Trance Illusion 2004 1.

Beam & Cyrus - U Can't Touch This (Flashrider Remix) 2. Ron Van Den Beuken - Endless (4 Clubbers Remix) 3. Sundawner - Krystal Dreams (Original Mix) 4. Akira - Piece Of Heaven 2004 (Cascade Extended Mix) 5. 3rd Moon - Cloudy Stars 6. Aven - All I Wanna Do (Ferry Corsten Remix) 7. Alphazone - Flashback (Dave Joy Remix) 8.

Vivid - Love Again (Darkmoon Remix) 9. Neo Cortex - Storm Of Light (DJ Manian Remix) 10. DJ Dave - Wonderful World (Club Mix) 11. Tune Up - Start The Game 12. 4 Strings - Come Closer (Extended Mix) 13. Svenson - Sunlight Theory (Original Mix) 14. Jade Marie - Baby Baby 2004 (Club Mix) 2005 ---- DJ Chewmacca!

- mix49 - Trance Adrenaline 2005 1. GMS - Juice 2.

- Magnitude (Uplifting Mix) 3. Sunquest - Forever Flame (Original Mix) 4. Stonehenge - Moonlight Touch (Trance Version) 5. Sydney - Losing My Religion (The Joker Remix) 6. Apollo - Dance (UK Reaction Mix) 7. Leon - Passionate (Fire and Ice Remix) 8. Minimalistix - Close Cover (Svenson & Gielen Remix) 9.

Alt and F4 - Alt and F4 (Matthew Adams Introspective Mix) 10. Hammer and Bennett - Language (Original Mix) 11. Woody Van Eyden - Si-Nr-Je (Genix Remix) 12. LSG - Netherworld 2005 (Oliver Prime Remix) ----------------------------------------------------- DJ Chewmacca! - mix50 - Trance Adrenaline 2005 Vol. Mike Koglin The Silence 2005 (Original 12' Mix) 2.

Vadim Zhukov - Nothing Matters (Vadim's Weekend Remix) 3. Ian Van Dahl - Castles In The Sky (Unleashed Project 2005 Mix) 4. Marc Maris - Time Will Come Again (Club Mix) 5. Push - The Legacy (Technikal Mix) 6. Above & Beyond Pres. Tranquility - Getting Away (Original Mix) 7.

Marcella Woods - Love Shines Through (Michael Van Holz Remix) 8. Angel City Featuring Lara McAllen - Do You Know (I Go Crazy) (BCD Project Remix) 9.

Fleetwood Mac - Everywhere 2005 10. Scooter - Suavemente (Club Mix) 11.

White Water - The Unknown (Club Mix) 12. Tiesto - Adagio For Strings 2005 (Danjo & Styles Remix) 13. The Thrillseekers Presents Hyd - Affinity 2005 (Menno De Jong Remix) 14. Circ - Close Your Eyes (Jetpower Mix) ------------------------------------------- DJ Chewmacca!

- mix51 - Live Set April 2005 1. Red Flag - Pacific Memory (Original Mix) 2. Leeroy - Destino (Vesiga Club Mix) 3. Ross Assenheim - In The Past (K90 Remix) 4. Megara vs DJ Lee - Musical Society (B2 Van Der Karsten Remix) 5. Shane Tighe & Marlon Juers - The Truth (A1 Extended Mix) 6. DJ Tatana - Cloudbreaker 7.

Tiesto - Adagio For Strings (Phynn Remix) 8. DJ Tatana Feat Pee - All That I Feel (DJ Spoke Remix) 9. Kaste - Desert Eagle (Smith and Pledger Remix) 10. Xtm and DJ Chucky Present Annia - Give Me Your Love (DJ Silverado Remix) 11.

THD - Dance Again (Xelerator Remix) 12. Alex Trackone Vs Helmet & Puck - The Universe (Original Mix) 13. Balearic Bill - Destination (DJ Tiesto Power Mix) ----------------------------------------------------- DJ Chewmacca! - mix52 - Trance Adrenaline 2005 Vol. DJ Aligator - Davaj Davaj Feat. MC vs Pishki 2.

Rock Ryders - Don't You Know (Full On Vocal Mix) 3. Solarstone vs Scott Bond - Naked Angel (2 Human DJ's Remix) 4. Icone - Sintra (Original Mix) 5. 4 Strings - Sunrise (4 Strings Remix) 6. Reflekt - Need To Feel Loved (Marc Van Linden Remix) 7. Re-Create - Fight Club 8. John O'Callaghan & Bryan Kearn - Restricted Motion (John Askew Remix) 9.

Alphazone - Revelation 10. Signal Runners - Backfire (Verny Vs 8 Wonders Remix) 11. ATB - Believe In Me (Clubb Mix) 12. Above & Beyond vs Andy Moor - Air For Life (Airwave Remix) 13. U2 - Beautiful Day (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Mix). DJ Chewmacca! Just looking at your playlists/mixes.

Ive gotta say u have a very similar taste in music to myself, especially things like Modjo - Lady (Hear Me Tonight), Safri Duo - Played-A-Live (The Bongo Song) and jakatta etc etc. I would love to party where ever you mix!i have managed to mix a similar sort of thing using traktor just when i first started out (as a bit of fun and practise). The beats were out of sync slightly and it sounded terrible but i tried it again and i think it sound almost as good as yours (streaming off the site) keep at it =).