Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sources [ ] Homer's Odyssey [ ] In 's, Circe is described as living in a mansion that stands in the middle of a clearing in a dense wood. Around the house prowled strangely docile lions and wolves, the drugged victims of her sorcery; they were not dangerous, and fawned on all newcomers. Circe worked at a huge. She invited ' crew to a feast of familiar food, a pottage of cheese and meal, sweetened with honey and laced with wine, but also laced with one of her magical potions and drunk from an enchanted cup. Thus so she turned them all into swine with her magic wand or staff after they gorged themselves on it. Only drunken, suspecting treachery from the outset, escaped to warn and the others who had stayed behind at the ship.

Odysseus set out to rescue his men, but was intercepted by the messenger god,, who had been sent by Athena. Hermes told Odysseus to use the herb to protect himself from Circe's wizardry and, having resisted it, to draw his sword and act as if he were going to attack her.

From there, Circe would ask him to bed, but Hermes advised caution, for even there the goddess would be treacherous. She would take his manhood unless he had her swear by the names of the gods that she would not.

Odysseus followed Hermes' advice, freeing his men and then remained on the island for one year, feasting and drinking wine. According to Homer, Circe suggested two alternative routes to Odysseus to return to Ithaca: toward, the 'Wandering Rocks', or passing between the dangerous and the whirlpool, conventionally identified with the. She also advised Odysseus to go to the Underworld and gave him directions. Later Greek literature [ ] Towards the end of 's (1011), it is stated that Circe bore Odysseus three sons: or Agrius (otherwise unknown);; and, who ruled over the Tyrsenoi, that is the. The (Τηλεγόνεια), an epic now lost, relates the later history of the last of these. Circe eventually informed him who his absent father was and, when he set out to find Odysseus, gave him a poisoned spear. With this he killed his father unknowingly.

Telegonus then brought back his father's corpse, together with and Odysseus' other son, to Aeaea. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the others immortal. According to 's Alexandra (808) and ' on the poem (795 - 808), however, Circe used magical herbs to bring Odysseus back to life after he had been killed by Telegonus.

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Odysseus then gave Telemachus to Circe's daughter Cassiphone in marriage. Some time later, Telemachus had a quarrel with his mother-in-law and killed her; Cassiphone then killed Telemachus to avenge her mother's death.

On hearing of this, Odysseus died of grief. (1.72.5) cites, the second century BC historian, as claiming that Odysseus and Circe had three sons:,, and, who respectively founded three cities called by their names:,, and.

In a very late Alexandrian epic from the 5th century AD, the Dionysiaca of Nonnus, her son by is mentioned under the name of Phaunos. In the 3rd century BC epic, the, Apollonius Rhodius relates that Circe purified the for the death of, maybe reflecting an early tradition.

In this poem, the animals that surround her are not former lovers transformed but primeval ‘beasts, not resembling the beasts of the wild, nor yet like men in body, but with a medley of limbs.’ Three ancient plays about Circe have been lost: the work of the tragedian and of the 4th century BC comic dramatists and Anaxilas. The first told the story of Odysseus' encounter with Circe. Bosch Kts 520 Drivers. Vase paintings from the period suggest that Odysseus' half-transformed animal-men formed the chorus in place of the usual Satyrs.

Fragments of Anaxilas also mention the transformation and one of the characters complains of the impossibility of scratching his face now that he is a pig. Latin literature [ ] The theme of turning men into a variety of animals was elaborated by later writers, especially in Latin. In the, Aeneas skirts the Italian island where Circe now dwells, and hears the cries of her many victims, who now number more than the pigs of earlier accounts: 'The roars of lions that refuse the chain, The grunts of bristled boars, and groans of bears, And herds of howling wolves that stun the sailors' ears.'

Ovid's collects more transformation stories in its 14th book. The fourth episode covers Circe's encounter with Ulysses (lines 242-307).

The first episode in that book deals with the story of and, in which the enamoured sea-god seeks a love filtre to win Scylla's love, only to have the sorceress fall in love with him. When she is unsuccessful, she takes revenge on her rival by turning Scylla into a monster (lines 1-74). The story of the Latin king is told in the fifth episode (and also alluded to in the Aeneid). Circe fell in love with him too; when he preferred to remain faithful to his wife Canens, she turned him into a woodpecker (lines 308-440). The - described by as one of the most distinguished families of Latium - claimed descent from Mamilia, a granddaughter of Odysseus and Circe through.

One of the most well known of them was (died 498 BC), of and son-in-law of the seventh and last. Medieval and modern literature [ ] provided a digest of what was known of Circe during the Middle Ages in his ( Famous Women, 1361-1362). While following the tradition that she lived in Italy, he comments wryly that there are now many more temptresses like her to lead men astray. There is a very different interpretation of the encounter with Circe in 's long didactic poem Confessio Amantis (1380).

Ulysses is depicted as deeper in sorcery and readier of tongue than Circe and through this means he leaves her pregnant with Telegonus. Most of the account deals with the son's later quest for and accidental killing of his father, drawing the moral that only evil can come of the use of sorcery. The story of Ulysses and Circe was retold as an episode in 's German verse epic, Froschmeuseler (The frogs and mice, Magdeburg, 1595). In this 600-page expansion of the pseudo-Homeric, it is related at the court of the mice and takes up sections 5-8 of the first part. In 's miscellany La Circe - con otras rimas y prosas (Madrid 1624), the story of her encounter with Ulysses appears as a verse epic in three cantos.

This takes its beginning from Homer’s account, but it is then embroidered; in particular, Circe’s love for Ulysses remains unrequited. As 'Circe's Palace', retold the Homeric account as the third section in his collection of stories from Greek mythology, (1853). The transformed Picus continually appears in this, trying to warn Ulysses, and then Eurylochus, of the danger to be found in the palace, and is rewarded at the end by being given back his human shape. In most accounts Ulysses only demands this for his own men. Artistic representations [ ]. Main article: Scientific interpretations [ ] In botany the Circaea are plants belonging to the genus. The name was given by botanists in the late 16th century in the belief that this was the herb used by Circe to charm Odysseus' companions.

Medical historians have speculated that the transformation to pigs was not intended literally but refers to intoxication with the plant. Symptoms include,, and. The description of 'moly' fits the, a flower that contains, which is a long lasting and can therefore counteract anticholinergics that are introduced to the body after it has been consumed. Other influence [ ] • The, coined by the enzymologist, refers to a scenario where an lures its towards it through electrostatic forces exhibited by the enzyme molecule before transforming it into. Where this takes place, the catalytic velocity (rate of reaction) of the enzyme may be significantly faster than that of others. • named a genus of the Venus clams () after Circe in 1778 (species Circe scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) and others). • Her name has been given to, a large, dark main-belt asteroid first sighted in 1855.

• There are a variety of chess variants named in which captured pieces are reborn on their starting positions. The rules for this were formulated in 1968. References [ ].

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When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in.

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The average donation is about $41. If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For a fraction of the cost of a book, we can share that book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This.

We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. If you find our site useful, please chip in. —Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive.

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If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. For a fraction of the cost of a book, we can share that book online forever.

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