The Twelve Universal Laws Of Success [Herbert Harris] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A well organized treatment of the basic principles of personal success. The broad spectrum of self-help approaches are organized into twelve universal laws that are each based on biblical principles.

Founders:, and Einstein. After graduating in 1900, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post. He acquired citizenship in February 1901, but was not for medical reasons. With the help of 's father, he secured a job in at the, the patent office, as an. Einstein evaluated for a variety of devices including a gravel sorter and an electromechanical typewriter.

Albert Einstein at a session of the () of which he was a member from 1922 to 1932. Einstein visited New York City for the first time on 2 April 1921, where he received an official welcome by Mayor, followed by three weeks of lectures and receptions. He went on to deliver several lectures at and, and in Washington he accompanied representatives of the on a visit to the. On his return to Europe he was the guest of the British statesman and philosopher in London, where he met several renowned scientific, intellectual and political figures, and delivered a lecture. He also published an essay, 'My First Impression of the U.S.A.,' in July 1921, in which he tried briefly to describe some characteristics of Americans, much as had, who published his own impressions in (1835). For some of his observations, Einstein was clearly surprised: 'What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life...

The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy.' : 20 In 1922, his travels took him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking tour, as he visited, and, where he gave a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. After his first public lecture, he met the emperor and empress at the, where thousands came to watch. In a letter to his sons, he described his impression of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true feel for art.

Because of Einstein's travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place, the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist. On his return voyage, he visited for 12 days in what would become his only visit to that region. He was greeted as if he were a head of state, rather than a physicist, which included a cannon salute upon arriving at the home of the British high commissioner,. During one reception, the building was stormed by people who wanted to see and hear him.

In Einstein's talk to the audience, he expressed happiness that the Jewish people were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world. Einstein visited Spain for two weeks in 1923, where he briefly met and also received a diploma from naming him a member of the Spanish Academy of Sciences. From 1922 to 1932, Einstein was involved in the works of the of the, in, an organisation created to promote international exchange between scientists, researchers, teachers, artists and intellectuals. His former physics professor and the french chemist were also members of this committee. 1930–1931: Travel to the U.S.

In December 1930, Einstein visited America for the second time, originally intended as a two-month working visit as a research fellow at the. After the national attention he received during his first trip to the U.S., he and his arrangers aimed to protect his privacy.

Although swamped with telegrams and invitations to receive awards or speak publicly, he declined them all. After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including, a lunch with the editors of the New York Times, and a performance of Carmen at the, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor and met the president of Columbia University, who described Einstein as 'the ruling monarch of the mind'., pastor at New York's, gave Einstein a tour of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein, standing at the entrance.

Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at during a celebration. Einstein (left) and at the premiere of, January 1931 Einstein next traveled to California, where he met president and Nobel laureate,. His friendship with Millikan was 'awkward', as Millikan 'had a penchant for patriotic militarism,' where Einstein was a pronounced. During an address to Caltech's students, Einstein noted that science was often inclined to do more harm than good. This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author and film star, both noted for their pacifism., head of, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a 'highly emotional temperament,' from which came his 'extraordinary intellectual energy'.: 320 Chaplin's film,, was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests., Einstein's biographer, described this as 'one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity'.

Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin, and recalled his 'modest little flat' and the piano at which he had begun writing his theory. Chaplin speculated that it was 'possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis.'

: 322 1933: Emigration to the U.S. Cartoon of Einstein, who has shed his 'Pacifism' wings, standing next to a pillar labeled 'World Peace'. He is rolling up his sleeves and holding a sword labeled 'Preparedness' (by Charles R. In February 1933 while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the under Germany's new chancellor,. While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the in Pasadena.

He and his wife Elsa returned to Belgium by ship in March, and during the trip they learned that their cottage was raided by the Nazis and his personal sailboat confiscated. Upon landing in on 28 March, he immediately went to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing his German citizenship. The Nazis later sold his boat and converted his cottage into a camp. Refugee status.

Albert Einstein's landing card (26 May 1933), when he landed in () from () to visit. In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. Historian describes how, with 'virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues', thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls of institutions where they were employed. A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the in the, with Nazi propaganda minister proclaiming, 'Jewish intellectualism is dead.' One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, 'not yet hanged', offering a $5,000 bounty on his head. In a subsequent letter to physicist and friend, who had already emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, '. I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise.'

After moving to the U.S., he described the book burnings as a 'spontaneous emotional outburst' by those who 'shun popular enlightenment,' and 'more than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual independence.' Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he went to England for about six weeks at the personal invitation of British naval officer Commander, who had become friends with Einstein in the preceding years.

To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two assistants watch over him at his secluded cottage outside London, with photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein, published in the Daily Herald on 24 July 1933. Locker-Lampson took Einstein to meet at his home, and later, and former Prime Minister.

Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities. Churchill later observed that as a result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their 'technical standards' and put technology ahead of theirs. Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including 's Prime Minister,, to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists. As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over '1,000 saved individuals'.

Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe. In one of his speeches he denounced Germany's treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied citizenship elsewhere. In his speech he described Einstein as a 'citizen of the world' who should be offered a temporary shelter in the U.K. Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted an earlier offer from the Princeton, in the U.S., to become a resident scholar. Resident scholar at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study.

Einstein accepting certificate from judge Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study (in Princeton, New Jersey), he expressed his appreciation of the in American culture when compared to Europe.

He recognized the 'right of individuals to say and think what they pleased', without social barriers, and as a result, individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued from his own early education. Personal life Supporter of civil rights Einstein was a passionate, committed antiracist and joined (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the of African Americans. He considered racism America's 'worst disease,' seeing it as 'handed down from one generation to the next'.

As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial in 1951.: 565 When Einstein offered to be a character witness for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case. Einstein in 1947 In 1946 Einstein visited in Pennsylvania, a, where he was awarded an honorary degree.

(Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to; alumni include and.) Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, 'I do not intend to be quiet about it.' A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a black student. Assisting Zionist causes Einstein was a figurehead leader in helping establish the, which opened in 1925, and was among its first Board of Governors. Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the,, to help raise funds for the planned university.

He also submitted various suggestions as to its initial programs. Among those, he advised first creating an Institute of Agriculture in order to settle the undeveloped land. That should be followed, he suggested, by a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology, to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as, which he called an 'evil' that was undermining a third of the country's development.: 161 Establishing an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic, for scientific exploration of the country and its historical monuments, was also important.: 158 Chaim Weizmann later became Israel's first president. Upon his death while in office in November 1952 and at the urging of, Prime Minister offered Einstein the position of, a mostly ceremonial post. The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington,, who explained that the offer 'embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons'. Einstein declined, and wrote in his response that he was 'deeply moved', and 'at once saddened and ashamed' that he could not accept it. Love of music.

Main articles:,,,, and The Annus Mirabilis papers are four articles pertaining to the (which gave rise to ),, the, and that Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of and changed views on, time, and. The four papers are: Title (translated) Area of focus Received Published Significance On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light 18 March 9 June Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts (). This idea was pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.

On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat 11 May 18 July Explained empirical evidence for the, supporting the application of. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies 30 June 26 September Reconciled Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer. Discredited the concept of a '. Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? 27 September 21 November Equivalence of matter and energy, E = mc 2 (and by implication, the ability of gravity to 'bend' light), the existence of ', and the basis of nuclear energy. Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics. Main articles: and In a 1905 paper, Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles ( ).

Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919, with 's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of. Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of with energy hf each, where h is. He does not say much more, because he is not sure how the particles are related to the wave.

But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the photoelectric effect. Quantized atomic vibrations.

Main article: In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. Refined this model. Adiabatic principle and action-angle variables. Main article: Throughout the 1910s, quantum mechanics expanded in scope to cover many different systems. After discovered the nucleus and proposed that electrons orbit like planets, Niels Bohr was able to show that the same quantum mechanical postulates introduced by Planck and developed by Einstein would explain the discrete motion of electrons in atoms, and the.

Einstein contributed to these developments by linking them with the 1898 arguments had made. Wien had shown that the hypothesis of of a thermal equilibrium state allows all the at different temperature to be derived from one another by a.

Einstein noted in 1911 that the same adiabatic principle shows that the quantity which is quantized in any mechanical motion must be an adiabatic invariant. Identified this adiabatic invariant as the of classical mechanics. Wave–particle duality. Main article: Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.

Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white.

Einstein relates this to, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue. Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter. Zero-point energy.

Main article: In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his 'second quantum theory'. Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein and his assistant. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.

General relativity and the equivalence principle. 's photograph of a General relativity (GR) is a that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern. It provides the foundation for the current understanding of, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape. As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity.

In that article titled 'On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It', he argued that is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of, and. In 1911, Einstein published another article 'On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light' expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity can for the first time be tested experimentally. Gravitational waves In 1916, Einstein predicted, ripples in the of spacetime which propagate as, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it.

By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the, which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed. The first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting,. The explanation of the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves. Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when researchers at published the, on Earth, exactly one hundred years after the prediction. Hole argument and Entwurf theory. Main article: While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.

He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations, and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only. In June 1913, the Entwurf ('draft') theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the was mistaken and abandoned the theory in November 1915. Physical cosmology. • • • In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole.

He discovered that the general field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was not known at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the, to the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe. The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature, in accordance with Einstein's understanding of in these years. This model became known as the Einstein World. Following the discovery of the recession of the nebulae by in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, of 1931 and the of 1932. In each of these models, Einstein discarded the cosmological constant, claiming that it was 'in any case theoretically unsatisfactory'. In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his 'biggest blunder'.

The astrophysicist has recently cast doubt on this claim, suggesting that it may be exaggerated. In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the nebulae, Einstein considered a of the universe. In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process he associated with the cosmological constant. As he stated in the paper, 'In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's [ sic] facts, and in which the density is constant over time'. 'If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it.

For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space.' It thus appears that Einstein considered a of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold. However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.

Modern quantum theory. Main article: In 1924, Einstein received a description of a model from Indian physicist, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the. Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures. It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by and using equipment built at the – laboratory at the.

Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University. Energy momentum pseudotensor. Main article: General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Allows these quantities to be determined from a with, but makes translation invariance into something of a. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's presecriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.

Einstein argued that this is true for fundamental reasons, because the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was in fact the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. This approach has been echoed by and, and others, and has become standard. The use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was heavily criticized in 1917 by and others. Unified field theory. Main article: Following his research on general relativity, Einstein entered into a series of attempts to generalize his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism as another aspect of a single entity.

In 1950, he described his ' in a article titled 'On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation'. Although he continued to be lauded for his work, Einstein became increasingly isolated in his research, and his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In his pursuit of a unification of the fundamental forces, Einstein ignored some mainstream developments in physics, most notably the and, which were not well understood until many years after his death. Mainstream physics, in turn, largely ignored Einstein's approaches to unification. Einstein's dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests for a and in particular, where geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting.

Main article: In 1935, Einstein collaborated with to produce a model of a, often called. His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper 'Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?'

These solutions cut and pasted to make a bridge between two patches. If one end of a wormhole was positively charged, the other end would be negatively charged. These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles and antiparticles could be described in this way. Einstein–Cartan theory. Main article: The theory of general relativity has a fundamental law—the which describe how space curves, the which describes how particles move may be derived from the Einstein equations. Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein equations themselves, not by a new law.

So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself. This was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular momentum, and by for spinning objects. Other investigations. Main article: In 1935, Einstein returned to the question of quantum mechanics. He considered how a measurement on one of two entangled particles would affect the other.

He noted, along with his collaborators, that by performing different measurements on the distant particle, either of position or momentum, different properties of the entangled partner could be discovered without disturbing it in any way. He then used a hypothesis of to conclude that the other particle had these properties already determined. The principle he proposed is that if it is possible to determine what the answer to a position or momentum measurement would be, without in any way disturbing the particle, then the particle actually has values of position or momentum. This principle distilled the essence of Einstein's objection to quantum mechanics.

As a physical principle, it was shown to be incorrect when the of 1982 confirmed, which had been promulgated in 1964. Non-scientific legacy While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to.

Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986 ). Einstein had expressed his interest in the profession and was made an honorary member of the Plumbers and Steamfitters Union. Barbara Wolff, of 's, told the that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955., successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the university.

In popular culture. Main article: In the period before World War II, published a vignette in their 'The Talk of the Town' feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain 'that theory'. He finally figured out a way to handle the incessant inquiries. He told his inquirers 'Pardon me, sorry!

Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein.' Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. He is a favorite model for depictions of and; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. Magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was 'a cartoonist's dream come true'. Awards and honors. • ^ During the German Empire, citizenship were exclusively subject of one of the 27 Bundesstaaten • 'Their leaders in Germany have not driven out her cut-throats and her blackguards. She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it.

She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual.The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter.' Find more about Albert Einsteinat Wikipedia's • from Wiktionary • from Wikimedia Commons • from Wikinews • from Wikiquote • from Wikisource • from Wikibooks • from Wikiversity • Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: (in the ) • at Curlie (based on ) • at • at • at (public domain audiobooks) • Shapell Manuscript Foundation • •, • on •, videos on History.com • at the (archived 8 June 2011) – free study course that explores the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century • () • on the • at • at • in the of the (ZBW).

• • • Avram Noam Chomsky (: ( ); born December 7, 1928) is an American,,,,, and. Sometimes described as 'the father of modern linguistics,' Chomsky is also a major figure in and one of the founders of the field of. He is the author of over 100 books on topics such as, war, politics, and. Ideologically, he aligns with and. He holds a joint appointment as Institute Professor Emeritus at the (MIT) and laureate professor at the. Born to middle-class immigrants in, Chomsky developed an early interest in from alternative bookstores in New York City.

At the age of 16 he began studies at the, taking courses in linguistics, mathematics, and philosophy. From 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to 's, where he developed the theory of for which he was awarded his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, in 1957 emerging as a significant figure in the field of linguistics for his landmark work, which remodeled the scientific study of language, while from 1958 to 1959 he was a fellow at the.

He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the theory, the theory, the, and the. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of, being particularly critical of the work of. An outspoken in the, which he saw as an act of, in 1967 Chomsky attracted widespread public attention for his anti-war essay '. Associated with the, he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President 's. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the.

In collaboration with, Chomsky later co-wrote articulating the of media criticism, and worked to expose the. Additionally, his defense of unconditional – including for – generated significant controversy in the of the early 1980s. Following his retirement from active teaching, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the and supporting the. One of the most cited scholars in history, Chomsky has influenced a broad array of academic fields. He is widely recognized as a who helped spark a major revolution in the, contributing to the development of a new framework for the study of and the. In addition to his continued scholarly research, he remains a leading of, and contemporary, the, and mainstream.

His ideas have proved highly significant within the and movements, but have also drawn criticism, with some accusing Chomsky of. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Early life Childhood: 1928–45 Avram Noam Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928, in the neighborhood of,. His father was, an Ashkenazi Jew originally from who had fled to the United States in 1913. Having studied at, William went on to become school principal of the religious school, and in 1924 was appointed to the faculty at in Philadelphia.

Chomsky's mother was the Belarusian-born Elsie Simonofsky (1904–1972), a teacher and activist whom William had met while working at Mikveh Israel. What motivated his [political] interests? A powerful curiosity, exposure to divergent opinions, and an unorthodox education have all been given as answers to this question. He was clearly struck by the obvious contradictions between his own readings and mainstream press reports.

The measurement of the distance between the realities presented by these two sources, and the evaluation of why such a gap exists, remained a passion for Chomsky. Biographer, 1997 External video, Noam was the Chomsky family's first child. His younger brother, David Eli Chomsky, was born five years later. The brothers were close, although David was more easygoing while Noam could be very competitive. Chomsky and his brother were raised Jewish, being taught Hebrew and regularly discussing the political theories of; the family was particularly influenced by the writings of. As a Jew, Chomsky faced as a child, particularly from the Irish and German communities living in Philadelphia.

Chomsky described his parents as 'normal ' who had a position on the political spectrum; however, he was exposed to through other members of the family, a number of whom were involved in the. He was substantially influenced by his uncle who owned a newspaper stand in New York City, where Jewish leftists came to debate the issues of the day. Whenever visiting his uncle, Chomsky frequented left-wing and anarchist bookstores in the city, voraciously reading political literature. He later described his discovery of as 'a lucky accident', because it allowed him to become critical of other far-left ideologies, namely and other forms of.

Chomsky's primary education was at, an independent institution that focused on allowing its pupils to pursue their own interests in a non-competitive atmosphere. It was here, at the age of 10, that he wrote his first article, on the spread of, following the to 's fascist army in the. At the age of 12, Chomsky moved on to secondary education at, where he joined various clubs and societies and excelled academically, but was troubled by the hierarchical and regimented method of teaching used there. From the age of 12 or 13, he identified more fully with anarchist politics. University: 1945–55. Chomsky's, the and the In 1945, Chomsky, aged 16, embarked on a general program of study at the, where he explored philosophy, logic, and languages and developed a primary interest in learning.

Living at home, he funded his undergraduate degree by teaching Hebrew. However, he was frustrated with his experiences at the university, and considered dropping out and moving to a in.

Bt Explorer Installation Package Software. His intellectual curiosity was reawakened through conversations with the Russian-born linguist, whom he first met in a political circle in 1947. Harris introduced Chomsky to the field of theoretical linguistics and convinced him to major in the subject. Chomsky's honors thesis was titled 'Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew', and involved his applying Harris's methods to the language. Chomsky revised this thesis for his, which he received at Penn in 1951; it would subsequently be published as a book. He also developed his interest in philosophy while at university, in particular under the tutelage of his teacher.

From 1951 to 1955, Chomsky was named to the at, where he undertook research on what would become his doctoral dissertation. Having been encouraged by Goodman to apply, a significant factor in his decision to move to Harvard was that the philosopher was based there. Both Quine and a visiting philosopher, of the, would strongly influence Chomsky. In 1952, Chomsky published his first, 'Systems of Syntactic Analysis', which appeared not in a journal of linguistics, but in.

Being highly critical of the established behaviorist currents in linguistics, in 1954 he presented his ideas at lectures given at the and. Although he had not been registered as a student at Pennsylvania for four years, in 1955 he submitted a thesis to them setting out his ideas on; he was awarded his on the basis of it, and it would be privately distributed among specialists on before being published in 1975 as part of The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Possession of this Ph.D. Nullified his requirement to enter in the armed forces, which was otherwise due to begin in 1955., a Professor at Harvard, read the Ph.D. And was impressed; together he and Chomsky published a number of technical papers in. The work of anarcho-syndicalist (left) and democratic socialist (right) significantly influenced the young Chomsky.

In 1947, Chomsky entered into a romantic relationship with, whom he had known since they were toddlers, and they married in 1949. After Chomsky was made a Fellow at Harvard, the couple moved to an apartment in the area of, remaining there until 1965, when they relocated to the city's area. In 1953 the couple took up a Harvard travel grant in order to visit Europe, traveling from England through France and Switzerland and into Italy. On that same trip they also spent six weeks at 's kibbutz in the newly established Israel; although enjoying himself, Chomsky was appalled by the Jewish nationalism and that he encountered in the country, as well as the pro-Stalinist trend that he thought pervaded the kibbutz's leftist community.

On visits to New York City, Chomsky continued to frequent the office of Yiddish anarchist journal, becoming enamored with the ideas of contributor, whose work introduced him to the link between anarchism and. Other political thinkers whose work Chomsky read included the anarchist, democratic socialists,, and, and works by Marxists,, and. His readings convinced him of the desirability of an anarcho-syndicalist society, and he became fascinated by the anarcho-syndicalist communes set up during the, which were documented in Orwell's (1938). He avidly read leftist journal, remarking that it 'answered to and developed' his interest in anarchism, as well as the periodical, published. Although rejecting its Marxist basis, Chomsky was heavily influenced by council communism, voraciously reading articles in Living Marxism written. He was also greatly interested in the Marlenite ideas of the, an anti-Stalinist Marxist–Leninist group, sharing their views that the was orchestrated by Western capitalists and the Soviet Union's ' to crush Europe's proletariat. Early career: 1955–66 Chomsky had befriended two linguists at the (MIT), and, the latter of whom secured him an assistant professor position at MIT in 1955.

There Chomsky spent half his time on a project, and the other half teaching a course on linguistics and philosophy. He later described MIT as 'a pretty free and open place, open to experimentation and without rigid requirements. It was just perfect for someone of my idiosyncratic interests and work.' In 1957 MIT promoted him to the position of associate professor, and from 1957 to 1958 he was also employed by as a visiting professor. That same year, Chomsky's first child, a daughter named Aviva, was born, and he published his first book on linguistics,, a work that radically opposed the dominant – trend in the field.

The response to Chomsky's ideas ranged from indifference to hostility, and his work proved divisive and caused 'significant upheaval' in the discipline. Linguist later asserted that it 'revolutionized the scientific study of language'. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a fellow at the in.

In 1959 he published a review of 's 1957 book in the journal, in which he argued against Skinner's view of language as learned behavior. Opining that Skinner ignored the role of human creativity in linguistics, his review helped him to become an 'established intellectual', and he proceeded to found MIT's Graduate Program in linguistics with Halle. In 1961 he was awarded, being made a full professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics. He went on to be appointed plenary speaker at the Ninth, held in 1962 in, which established him as the de facto spokesperson of American linguistics. He continued to publish his linguistic ideas throughout the decade, including in (1966), Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar (1966), and (1966). Along with Halle, he also edited the Studies in Language series of books for, and extended the theory of generative grammar to in (1968). He continued to receive academic recognition and honors for his work, in 1966 visiting a variety of Californian institutions, first as the Professor at the, and then as the Beckman Professor at the.

His Beckman lectures would be assembled and published as Language and Mind in 1968. The ensuing debates between Chomsky and his critics came to be known as the ', although they revolved largely around debating philosophical issues rather than linguistics proper. Later life Anti-Vietnam War activism and rise to prominence: 1967–75.

[I]t does not require very far-reaching, specialized knowledge to perceive that the United States was invading South Vietnam. And, in fact, to take apart the system of illusions and deception which functions to prevent understanding of contemporary reality [is] not a task that requires extraordinary skill or understanding. It requires the kind of normal skepticism and willingness to apply one's analytical skills that almost all people have and that they can exercise. Chomsky on the Vietnam War Chomsky first involved himself in active political protest against U.S. Involvement in the in 1962, speaking on the subject at small gatherings in churches and homes.

However, it was not until 1967 that he publicly entered the debate on United States foreign policy. In February he published a widely read essay in entitled ', in which he criticized the country's involvement in the conflict; the essay was based on an earlier talk that he had given to Harvard's Foundation for Jewish Campus Life. He expanded on his argument to produce his first political book,, which was published in 1969 and soon established him at the forefront of American dissent. His other political books of the time included At War with Asia (1971), The Backroom Boys (1973), For Reasons of State (1973), and Peace in the Middle East? (1975), published.

Coming to be associated with the American movement, he nevertheless thought little of prominent New Left intellectuals and, and preferred the company of activists to intellectuals. Although The New York Review of Books did publish contributions from Chomsky and other leftists from 1967 to 1973, when an editorial change put a stop to it, he was virtually ignored by the rest of the mainstream press throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. Along with his writings, Chomsky also became actively involved in left-wing activism.

Refusing to pay half his taxes, he publicly supported students who refused, and was arrested for being part of an anti-war teach-in outside. During this time, Chomsky, along with,,, and, also founded the anti-war collective. Although he questioned the objectives of the, he gave many lectures to student activist groups; furthermore, he and his colleague Louis Kampf began running undergraduate courses on politics at MIT, independently of the conservative-dominated department. During this period, MIT's various departments were researching helicopters, smart bombs and counterinsurgency techniques for the war in Vietnam and, as Chomsky says, 'a good deal of [nuclear] missile guidance technology was developed right on the MIT campus'. As Chomsky elaborates, '[MIT was] about 90% Pentagon funded at that time. And I personally was right in the middle of it. I was in a military lab.

The Research Laboratory for Electronics.' By 1969, student activists were actively campaigning 'to stop the war research' at MIT. Chomsky was sympathetic to the students but he also thought it best to keep such research on campus and he proposed that it should be restricted to what he called 'systems of a purely defensive and deterrent character'. During this period, MIT had six of its anti-war student activists sentenced to prison terms. Chomsky says MIT's students suffered things that 'should not have happened', though he has also described MIT as 'the freest and the most honest and has the best relations between faculty and students than at any other. [with] quite a good record on civil liberties'. In 1970 he visited the Vietnamese city of to give a lecture at the; on this trip he also toured Laos to visit the refugee camps created by the war, and in 1973 he was among those leading a committee to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the.

President placed Chomsky on his 'Enemies List'. As a result of his anti-war activism, Chomsky was ultimately arrested on multiple occasions, and U.S. President included him on the of his. He was aware of the potential repercussions of his civil disobedience, and his wife began studying for her own Ph.D. In linguistics in order to support the family in the event of Chomsky's imprisonment or loss of employment. However, MIT – despite being under some pressure to do so – refused to fire him due to his influential standing in the field of linguistics.

His work in this area continued to gain international recognition; in 1967 he received honorary doctorates from both the and the In 1970, and also awarded him honorary D.H.L.' S, as did in 1971, in 1972, and the in 1973. In 1971 Chomsky gave the Bertrand Russell Memorial Lectures at the, which were published as Problems of Knowledge and Freedom later that year. He also delivered the at, the at in the Netherlands, the Woodbridge Lectures at, and the Kant Lectures.

In 1971 he partook in a with French philosopher on Dutch television, entitled Human Nature: Justice versus Power. Although largely agreeing with Foucault's ideas, he was critical of and French philosophy generally, believing that post-modern leftist philosophers used obfuscating language which did little to aid the cause of the working-classes and lambasting France as having 'a highly parochial and remarkably illiterate culture'.

Chomsky also continued to publish prolifically in linguistics, publishing Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar (1972), an enlarged edition of Language and Mind (1972), and Reflections on Language (1975). In 1974 he became a corresponding fellow of the. Edward Herman and the Faurisson affair: 1976–80. Chomsky at the () in 2003 Chomsky retired from full-time teaching, although as an he nevertheless continued to conduct research and seminars at MIT. After the in 2001, Chomsky was widely interviewed, with these interviews being collated and published by in October. Chomsky argued that the ensuing was not a new development, but rather a continuation of the same U.S.

Foreign policy and its concomitant rhetoric that had been pursued since at least the Reagan era of the 1980s. In 2003 he published, in which he articulated what he called the United States' 'imperial grand strategy' and critiqued the and other aspects of the 'War on Terror.' Chomsky toured the world with increasing regularity during this period, giving talks on various subjects. In 2001 he gave the Memorial Lecture in, India, and in 2003 visited Cuba at the invitation of the. In 2002 Chomsky visited Turkey in order to attend the trial of a publisher who had been accused of treason for printing one of Chomsky's books; Chomsky insisted on being a and amid international media attention the Security Courts dropped the prosecution on the first day.

During that trip, Chomsky visited Kurdish areas of Turkey and spoke out in favour of the Kurds'. A supporter of the, he attended their conferences in Brazil in both 2002 and 2003, also attending the Forum event in India. His wife, Carol, died in December 2008. What started as purely linguistic research. Has led, through involvement in political causes and an identification with an older philosophic tradition, to no less than an attempt to formulate an overall theory of man.

The roots of this are manifest in the linguistic theory. The discovery of cognitive structures common to the human race but only to humans (species specific), leads quite easily to thinking of unalienable human attributes. On Chomsky's linguistic theory Within the field of linguistics, McGilvray credits Chomsky with inaugurating the '. McGilvray also credits him with establishing the field as a formal,, moving it away from the procedural form of that was dominant during the mid-20th century.

As such, some have called him 'the father of modern linguistics'. The basis to Chomsky's linguistic theory is rooted in, holding that the principles underlying the structure of language are biologically determined in the human mind and hence genetically transmitted. He therefore argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of sociocultural differences. In adopting this position, Chomsky rejects the psychology of B. F. Skinner which views the mind as a ('blank slate') and thus treats language as learned behavior. Accordingly, he argues that language is a unique evolutionary development of the human species and is unlike modes of communication used by any other animal species.

Chomsky's, internalist view of language is consistent with the philosophical school of ', and is contrasted with the anti-nativist, externalist view of language, which is consistent with the philosophical school of '. Universal grammar. Main article: Since the 1960s, Chomsky has maintained that syntactic knowledge is at least partially inborn, implying that children need only learn certain parochial features of their native languages. Chomsky based his argument on observations about human language acquisition, noting that there is an enormous gap between the linguistic stimuli to which children are exposed and the rich linguistic knowledge they attain (see: ' argument). For example, although children are exposed to only a finite subset of the allowable syntactic variants within their first language, they somehow acquire the ability to understand and produce an infinite number of sentences, including ones that have never before been uttered. To explain this, Chomsky reasoned that the primary linguistic data (PLD) must be supplemented by an innate linguistic capacity.

Furthermore, while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. Chomsky labeled whatever relevant capacity the human has that the cat lacks as the (LAD), and he suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to determine what the LAD is and what constraints it imposes on the range of possible human languages. The universal features that would result from these constraints constitute 'universal grammar'. Main article: Beginning with his (1957), a distillation of his Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955), Chomsky challenges and introduces. Chomsky's theory posits that language consists of both deep structures and surface structures. 'faces out' and is represented by spoken utterances, while 'faces inward' and expresses the underlying relations between words and conceptual meaning. Transformational grammar is a (which dictates that the syntax, or word order, of surface structures adheres to certain principles and parameters) that consists of a limited series of rules, expressed in mathematical notation, which transform deep structures into well-formed surface structures.

The transformational grammar thus relates meaning and sound. Main article: Since the 1990s, much of Chomsky's research has focused on what he calls the Minimalist Program (MP), in which he departs from much of his past research and instead attempts to simplify language into a system that relates meaning and sound using the minimum possible faculties that could be expected, given certain external conditions that are imposed on us independently. Chomsky dispenses with concepts such as 'deep structure' and 'surface structure' and instead places emphasis on the plasticity of the brain's neural circuits, along with which comes an infinite number of concepts, or '. When exposed to linguistic data, the brain of a hearer-speaker then proceeds to associate sound and meaning, and the rules of grammar that we observe are in fact only the consequences, or side effects, of the way that language works. Thus, while much of Chomsky's prior research has focused on the rules of language, he now focuses on the mechanisms that the brain uses to create these rules. Political views.

The second major area to which Chomsky has contributed—and surely the best known in terms of the number of people in his audience and the ease of understanding what he writes and says—is his work on sociopolitical analysis; political, social, and economic history; and critical assessment of current political circumstance. In Chomsky's view, although those in power might—and do—try to obscure their intentions and to defend their actions in ways that make them acceptable to citizens, it is easy for anyone who is willing to be critical and consider the facts to discern what they are up to., 2014 Chomsky's political views have changed little since his childhood, when he was influenced by the emphasis on political activism that was ingrained in Jewish working-class tradition. He usually identifies as an or a.

He views these positions not as precise political theories but as ideals that he thinks best meet the needs of humans: liberty, community, and freedom of association. Unlike some other socialists, such as those who accept, Chomsky believes that politics lies outside the remit of science; however, he still roots his ideas about an ideal society in empirical data and empirically justified theories. In Chomsky's view, the truth about political realities is systematically distorted or suppressed through elite, who use corporate media, advertising, and to promote their own.

His work seeks to reveal such manipulations and the truth that they obscure. He believes that ' is all that is required to break through the web of falsehood and see the truth, if it (common sense) is employed using both skills and an awareness of the role that self-interest and self-deception plays both on oneself and on others. He believes that it is the moral responsibility of intellectuals to tell the truth about the world, but claims that few do so because they fear losing prestige and funding. He argues that, as such an intellectual, it is his duty to use his, resources, and training to aid popular democracy movements in their struggles.

Although he had joined protest marches and organized activist groups, he identifies his primarily political outlet as being that of education, offering free lessons and lectures to encourage wider political consciousness. His political writings have covered a wide range of topics, although there are a number of core themes throughout much of his work. He is a member of the international union, and sits on the interim consultative committee of the. United States foreign policy Chomsky has been a prominent critic of U.S..

His published work has focused heavily on criticizing the actions of the United States. Chomsky believes that the basic principle of the is the establishment of 'open societies' that are economically and politically controlled by the U.S. And where U.S.-based businesses can prosper. He argues that the U.S. Seeks to suppress any movements within these countries that are not compliant with U.S. Interests and ensure that U.S.-friendly governments are placed in power. When discussing current events, he emphasizes their place within a wider historical perspective.

He believes that official, sanctioned historical accounts of U.S. And British imperialism have consistently whitewashed these nations' actions in order to present them as having benevolent motives in either spreading democracy or, in older instances, spreading; criticizing these accounts, he seeks to correct them. Prominent examples that he regularly cites are the actions of the in India and Africa, and the actions of the U.S. In Vietnam, the Philippines, Latin America, and the Middle East. Chomsky explains his decision to focus on criticizing the U.S. Over other countries as being because, during his lifetime, the country has militarily and economically dominated the world, and because its electoral system allows for the citizenry to exert an influence on government policy.

His hope is that, by spreading awareness of the negative impact that imperialism has on the populations affected by it, he can sway the population of the U.S. And other countries into opposing government policies that are imperialist in their nature. He urges people to criticize the motivations, decisions, and actions of their governments; to accept responsibility for one's own thoughts and actions; and to apply the same standards to others as one would apply to oneself. He has been critical of U.S. Involvement in the, arguing that it has consistently blocked a peaceful settlement. Chomsky has long endorsed the left binationalist program, seeking to create a democratic state in the that is home to both Jews and Arabs.

However, acknowledging the of the situation, Chomsky has also considered a on the condition that both nation-states exist on equal terms. As a result of, Chomsky was barred from entering Israel in 2010. Capitalism and socialism In his youth, Chomsky developed a dislike of and the pursuit of material advancement. At the same time, he developed a disdain for the attempts to establish a socialist society, as represented by the Marxist–Leninist policies of the Soviet Union. Rather than accepting the common view among American economists that a spectrum exists between total state ownership of the economy on the one hand and total private ownership on the other, he instead suggests that a spectrum should be understood between total democratic control of the economy on the one hand and total autocratic control (whether state or private) on the other.

He argues that Western capitalist nations are not really democratic, because, in his view, a truly democratic society is one in which all persons have a say in public economic policy. He has stated his opposition to, among them institutions like the,, and.

Socialism will be achieved only insofar as all social institutions—in particular, the central industrial, commercial, and financial institutions of a modern society—are placed under democratic control in a federal industrial republic of the sort that Russell and others envisioned, with actively functioning workers' councils and other self-governing units in which each citizen, in 's words, will be 'a direct participator in the government of affairs.' Noam Chomsky Chomsky highlights that, since the 1970s, the U.S.

Has become increasingly economically unequal as a result of the repeal of various financial regulations and the rescinding of the agreements. He characterizes the U.S. As a de facto, viewing both the and as manifestations of a single 'Business Party' controlled by corporate and financial interests. Chomsky highlights that, within Western capitalist liberal democracies, at least 80% of the population has no control over economic decisions, which are instead in the hands of a management class and ultimately controlled by a small, wealthy elite.

Noting that this economic system is firmly entrenched and difficult to overthrow, he believes that change is possible through the organized co-operation of large numbers of people who understand the problem and know how they want to re-organize the economy in a more equitable way. Although acknowledging that corporate domination of media and government stifle any significant change to this system, he sees reason for optimism, citing the historical examples of the social rejection of slavery as immoral, the advances in women's rights, and the forcing of government to justify invasions to illustrate how change is possible. He views violent revolution to overthrow a government as a last resort to be avoided if possible, citing the example of historical revolutions where the population's welfare has worsened as a result of the upheaval. Chomsky deems libertarian socialist and anarcho-syndicalist ideas to be the inheritors of the ideas of the, arguing that his ideological position revolves around 'nourishing the libertarian and creative character of the human being.'

He envisions an anarcho-syndicalist future in which there is direct worker control of the, with society governed by, who would select representatives to meet together at general assemblies. In this, he believes that there will be no need for. By controlling their productive life, he believes that individuals can gain job satisfaction, a sense of fulfillment, and purpose to their work. He argues that unpleasant and unpopular jobs could be fully automated, carried out by workers who are specially remunerated, or shared among everyone. News media and propaganda.

Main article: Chomsky's political writings have largely been focused on the two concepts of and, or the media and state policy. One of Chomsky's best-known works, Manufacturing Consent, dissects the media's role in reinforcing and acquiescing to state policies, across the political spectrum, while marginalizing contrary perspectives. Chomsky claims that this 'free-market' version of censorship is more subtle and difficult to undermine than the equivalent propaganda system that was present in the Soviet Union. As he argues, the mainstream press is corporate owned and thus reflects corporate priorities and interests. Although acknowledging that many American journalists are dedicated and well-meaning, he argues that the choice of topics and issues featured in the mass media, the unquestioned premises on which that coverage rests, and the range of opinions that are expressed are all constrained to reinforce the state's ideology. He states that, although the mass media will criticize individual politicians and political parties, it will not undermine the wider state-corporate nexus of which it is a part.

As evidence, he highlights that the U.S. Mass media does not employ any socialist journalists or political commentators.

He also points to examples of important news stories that have been ignored by U.S. Mainstream media because reporting on them would reflect badly upon the U.S. State: For instance, it ignored the murder of with possible involvement, the massacres perpetrated in Nicaragua by the U.S.-funded, and the constant reporting on Israeli deaths while ignoring the far larger number of Palestinian deaths in the conflict between those two nations. To remedy this situation, Chomsky calls for grassroots democratic control and involvement of the media.

Chomsky considers most to be fruitless, distracting substitutes to thinking about in an institutional framework, where individual manipulation is secondary to broader social imperatives. He does not dismiss outright, but he does consider them unproductive to challenging in a substantial way.

In response to the labeling of his own thoughts as 'conspiracy theory', Chomsky has replied that it is very rational for the media to manipulate information in order to sell it, like any other business. He asks whether would be accused of conspiracy if they deliberately selected what they would use or discard to sell their product. [Chomsky's] voice is heard in academia beyond linguistics and philosophy: from computer science to neuroscience, from anthropology to education, mathematics and literary criticism. If we include Chomsky's political activism then the boundaries become quite blurred, and it comes as no surprise that Chomsky is increasingly seen as enemy number one by those who inhabit that wide sphere of reactionary discourse and action.

Sperlich, 2006 Chomsky's legacy is as both a 'leader in the field' of linguistics and 'a figure of enlightenment and inspiration' for. Despite his academic success, his political viewpoints and activism have resulted in him being distrusted by the mainstream media apparatus, and he is regarded as being 'on the outer margin of acceptability.' In academia Linguist John Lyons remarked that within a few decades of publication, Chomskyan linguistics had become 'the most dynamic and influential' school of thought in the field. By the 1970s, his work had also come to exert a considerable influence on philosophy, while a poll conducted by found Syntactic Structures to be the single most important work in the field of. In addition, his work in and the Chomsky hierarchy has become well known in, and he is much cited within the field of. Chomsky's work contributed substantially to the decline of; in addition, some arguments in are derived from his research results., a chimpanzee who was the subject of a study in at Columbia University, was named after Chomsky in reference to his view of language acquisition as a uniquely human ability. The 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology,, used Chomsky's generative model to explain the human immune system, equating 'components of a generative grammar.

With various features of protein structures'. The title of Jerne's Stockholm Nobel Lecture was 'The Generative Grammar of the Immune System'. His theory of generative grammar has also carried over into and.

An MIT press release found that Chomsky was cited within the more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992. Despite their respect for his intellectual contribution, a number of linguists and philosophers have been very critical of Chomsky's approach to language. These critics include Christina Behme, Rudolph Botha,,,, Bruce Nevin and. Chomsky's approach to academic freedom has led him to give support to MIT academics whose actions he deplores. In 1969, when Chomsky heard that, a major architect of the Vietnam war, wanted to return to work at MIT, Chomsky threatened 'to protest publicly' if Rostow was 'denied a position at MIT'. Then, in 1989, when Pentagon adviser,, wanted to be the President of MIT, Chomsky supported his candidacy. Later, when Deutch became head of the CIA, The New York Times quoted Chomsky as saying, 'He has more honesty and integrity than anyone I've ever met.

If somebody's got to be running the C.I.A., I'm glad it's him.' [Chomsky's] become the guru of the new anti-capitalist and Third World movements. They take his views very uncritically; it's part of the Seattle mood – whatever America does is wrong.

He confronts orthodoxy but he's becoming a big simplifier. What he can't see is Third World and other regimes that are oppressive and not controlled by America., 2001 Chomsky biographer Wolfgang B. Sperlich characterizes the linguist and activist as 'one of the most notable contemporary champions of the people', while journalist described him as a 'genuine people's hero; an inspiration for struggles all over the world for that basic decency known as freedom. To a lot of people in the margins – activists and movements – he's unfailingly supportive.' Called him 'one of the greatest, most radical public thinkers of our time', and thought him to be 'one of the most significant challengers of unjust power and delusions'. Stated that by the start of the 21st century, Chomsky had become a 'guru' for the world's anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements. The propaganda model of media criticism that he and Herman developed has been widely accepted in radical media critiques and adopted to some level in mainstream criticism of the media, also exerting a significant influence on the growth of, including radio, publishers, and the Internet, which in turn have helped to disseminate his work.

However, Sperlich notes that Chomsky has been vilified by corporate interests, particularly in the mainstream press. University departments devoted to history and political science rarely include Chomsky's work on their syllabuses for undergraduate reading. Critics have argued that despite publishing widely on social and political issues, Chomsky has no expertise in these areas; to this he has responded that such issues are not as complex as many claim and that almost everyone is able to comprehend them, regardless of whether they have been academically trained to do so or not. Bolivian Vice President with Noam Chomsky in New York, June 8, 2013 His far-reaching criticisms of U.S.

Foreign policy and the legitimacy of U.S. Power have raised controversy. A document obtained pursuant to a (FOIA) request from the U.S. Government revealed that the (CIA) monitored Chomsky's activities and for years denied doing so.

The CIA also destroyed its files on Chomsky at some point in time, possibly in violation of federal law. He has often received undercover police protection at MIT and when speaking on the Middle East, although he has refused uniformed police protection. German newspaper described him as 'the Ayatollah of anti-American hatred', while commentator termed him 'the most devious, the most dishonest and. The most treacherous intellect in America', one whose work was infused with an 'anti-American dementia' and which evidences Chomsky's 'pathological hatred of his own country'. Writing in magazine, the journalist described Chomsky as 'a hard-boiled anti-American monomaniac who simply refuses to believe anything that any American leader says'. His criticism of Israel has led to him being accused of being a traitor to the Jewish people and an.

Criticizing Chomsky's defense of the right of individuals to engage in Holocaust denial on the grounds that freedom of speech must be extended to all viewpoints, accused Chomsky of being 'the most important patron' of the movement, while the (ADL) accused him of being a Holocaust denier himself. The ADL have been accused of monitoring Chomsky's activities, and have characterized him as a 'dupe of intellectual pride so overweening that he is incapable of making distinctions between totalitarian and democratic societies, between oppressors and victims'.

In turn, Chomsky has claimed that the ADL is dominated by 'Stalinist types' who oppose democracy in Israel. Considered Chomsky to be a 'false prophet of the left', while Chomsky has accused Dershowitz of being on 'a crazed jihad, dedicating much of his life to trying to destroy my reputation'. According to McGilvray, many of Chomsky's critics 'do not bother quoting his work or quote out of context, distort, and create straw men that cannot be supported by Chomsky's text'. In Spring 2017, Chomsky taught a short-term politics course at the. Academic achievements, awards, and honors In 1970, Chomsky was named one of the 'makers of the twentieth century' by the London. In early 1969, he delivered the at; in January 1971, the Memorial Lecture at the; in 1972, the Memorial Lecture in; in 1975, the at; in 1977, the in; in 1978, the Woodbridge Lectures at; in 1979, the Kant Lectures at; in 1988, the at the; in 1997, The Davie Memorial Lecture on Academic Freedom in; in 2011, the Rickman Godlee Lecture at; and many others.

Chomsky has received from many colleges and universities around the world, including from the following. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • In the United States, he is a member of the, the, the, the, and the. Abroad, he is a member of the Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences, the, a corresponding fellow of the, an honorary member of the, and a foreign member of the Department of Social Sciences of the.

In addition, he is a recipient of a 1971, the 1984, 1988 the, the 1996, the 1999, and the Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award. He is also a two-time winner of the Gustavus Myers Center Award, receiving the honor in both 1986 and 1988, and the, receiving the honor in both 1987 and 1989. He has also received the Rabindranath Tagore Centenary Award from.

In 2004 Chomsky received the Prize from the city of, to acknowledge his body of work as a political analyst and media critic. In 2005, Chomsky received an honorary fellowship from the. In February 2008, he received the President's Medal from the Literary and Debating Society of the. Since 2009, he has been an honorary member of (IAPTI). In 2010, Chomsky received the in. In April 2010, Chomsky became the third scholar to receive the University of Wisconsin's A.E. Havens Center's Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship.

The Megachile chomskyi, a bee that was named after Chomsky Chomsky has an of four. Chomsky was voted the world's leading in jointly conducted by American magazine and British magazine. Embroidery Software For Beginners. In a list compiled by the magazine in 2006, he was voted seventh in the list of 'Heroes of our time.' Actor and avant-garde guitarist dedicated their 2003 album to Chomsky.

On January 22, 2010, a special honorary concert for Chomsky was given at at MIT. The concert, attended by Chomsky and dozens of his family and friends, featured music composed by and speeches by Chomsky's colleagues, including of MIT and, head of the linguistics department at Harvard University. In May 2007,, a prestigious Indian university, named one of its complexes after Noam Chomsky. In June 2011, Chomsky was awarded the, which cited his 'unfailing courage, critical analysis of power and promotion of human rights.' Also in 2011, Chomsky was inducted into ' AI's Hall of Fame for 'significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems.' In 2013, a newly described species of bee was named after him:. In 2014, he was awarded the by the: this medal is awarded 'for lifetime achievement in the scholarly study of linguistics'.

In 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the 'for his tireless commitment to peace, his strong critiques to U.S. Foreign policy, and his anti-imperialism.'

Bibliography and filmography. Find more about Noam Chomskyat Wikipedia's • from Wiktionary • from Wikimedia Commons • from Wikinews • from Wikiquote • from Wikisource • from Wikidata about Noam Chomsky • • • By Noam Chomsky • • • • • at • on • •. Al Jazeera English, October 2015 (video, 47 mins) – documentary about the life and work of Chomsky • on • on •, Radical Anthropology 2008. October 9, 2009 • interviewed by Alyssa McDonald on, September 2010. • interviews with Chomsky: and • – interview in, November 2012 • Noam Chomsky,,.

January 9, 2014. Interviewed by for, June 15, 2014. •, November 5, 2014.

Interview with Noam Chomsky, February 13, 2015. Interview with Chomsky, October 24, 2015 • • at • by Chris Knight • Demonstration at Faneuil Hall to protest indictment of the Berrigan brothers: Noam Chomsky speaking with and at left and at the far right, January 1971 (Photo: Jeff Albertson Photograph Collection (PH 57)), Special Collections and University Archives,.